For an introduction to Ovid and the work as a whole, the reader is invited to look at the introduction to the translation of "Metamorphoses" Book I, published on this blog on 1st February 2018.
Book XIII, which, with its 968 lines, is very long, sees the continuation of the theme of the final quarter of the work which is concerned for the most part with stories relating to the quasi-historical context of the Trojan War and the subsequent journeys of Aeneas to Italy, although the last sections of the Book appear to revert to myths concerning the 'Pathos of Love,' the subject of the third quarter of the work. The Book includes the stories about the following: Ajax, Ulysses and the contest over Achilles' armour (this takes up the first 400 lines of the Book); the Fall of Troy; the deaths of Polyxena and Polydorus; Hecuba; Memnon; the journeys of Aeneas; the fate of the daughters of Anius, the cup of Alcon; the contest between the Cyclops Polyphemus and Acis for the love of Galatea; and Scylla and her rejection of Glaucus.
As is the case elsewhere in the work as a whole, such transformations, i.e. "metamorphoses," as occur in Book XIII are more incidental than central to the stories that are told. Hecuba becomes a barking dog; birds arise from Memnon's ashes, i.e. the Memnonides; the daughters of Anius are turned into doves; Acis becomes a river-god, and Glaucus a sea-god. However, these transformations tend to be postscripts to the tales that are told rather than the focus of them, and those first 400 hundred lines that deal with the contest of Ajax and Ulysses over the arms of Achilles do not involve any transformations at all. That having been said, however, the entertainment value of this book for the Romans, who would have heard its recitation, and whose previous education would have involved the acquisition of Greek myths and the legends of the Trojan War and its aftermath, was undoubtedly very high.
As is the case elsewhere in the work as a whole, such transformations, i.e. "metamorphoses," as occur in Book XIII are more incidental than central to the stories that are told. Hecuba becomes a barking dog; birds arise from Memnon's ashes, i.e. the Memnonides; the daughters of Anius are turned into doves; Acis becomes a river-god, and Glaucus a sea-god. However, these transformations tend to be postscripts to the tales that are told rather than the focus of them, and those first 400 hundred lines that deal with the contest of Ajax and Ulysses over the arms of Achilles do not involve any transformations at all. That having been said, however, the entertainment value of this book for the Romans, who would have heard its recitation, and whose previous education would have involved the acquisition of Greek myths and the legends of the Trojan War and its aftermath, was undoubtedly very high.
Ll. 1-122. The debate over Achilles' armour: Ajax speaks.
(When) the chieftains are seated, and the rank and file were standing in a ring (around them), Ajax, the master of the seven-layered shield, rises up before them, and, as he was unable to contain his wrath, he looked back, with a fierce expression (on his face) at the Sigean shore (i.e. the promontory of Sigeum to the south-west of Troy) and the ships (drawn up) on the beach, and, pointing his hands (at them), he says, "(It is) in front of these vessels, by Jupiter, (that) I plead my case, and Ulysses is opposing me! And yet, he did not hesitate to give way to Hector's blazing (torches), which I resisted, (and) which I drove away from yonder fleet. But then it is safer to contend with lying words than to fight with fists, but (it is) not easy for me to speak, nor is it easy for him to act: and I am as strong in the stern conflicts of the battle-line as he is strong in talking.
"I do not think, however, that I need to mention my deeds to you, Pelasgians (i.e. Greeks); for you have seen (them); let Ulysses tell (you) of his (deeds), which he carries out without witness, (and) of which only night is aware! I admit that the prize I am seeking (is) a great (one), but, (in) vying (with me), he detracts from the honour (of it); it is no great honour for Ajax to gain it, however great it may be, (if) Ulysses has aspired (to it); he has already won a prize now in this contest, because, when he is defeated, he can say that he has fought it out with me.
"And I, (even) if the merit in my (case) were in doubt, should (still) excel in my noble birth, (being) the son of Telamon, (he) who, under brave Hercules, took the walls of Troy, and sailed to the shores of Colchis (i.e. the land to the south-east of the Black Sea, where the Golden Fleece was located) in the ship from Pagasae (i.e. the port in Thessaly where 'The Argo' was built and from where the Argonauts set sail); his (i.e. Telamon's) father is Aeacus, (he) who delivers justice among the dead in that region (i.e. Hades) where Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, rolls his heavy stone; highest Jupiter recognises Aeacus and acknowledges (him) to be his son: so, Ajax (is) third (in line of descent) from Jupiter. Yet even this ancestry would not advance my cause, Achaeans, if I did not share it with the mighty Achilles: he was my cousin, I seek my cousin's (weapons)! Why should you (i.e. Ulysses), born from the bloodline of Sisyphus (n.b. according to one account, Ulysses was the son of Sisyphus, not Laërtes) and just like him in your deceit and trickery, intrude the names of that alien race in (the affairs of) the descendants of Aeacus?
"Am I to be denied this armour because I came to arms first and without anyone beckoning (me), and will he be thought the better (man), who took up arms last and withdrew from the campaign under the pretence of madness, until the son of Nauplius (i.e. Palamedes), shrewder than he, but not to his own advantage, exposed the fabrications of his cowardly plan, and dragged (him forth) to the arms (he had) shirked? Surely he may not take up the best (arms), because he was unwilling to take up any? And surely I shall not be without honour and not exhibit my cousin's gifts to the world, because I (was) the first to (confront) the dangers?
"Now, if only that madness had been either real or believed, and that companion of ours had never come to the Phrygian (i.e. Trojan) fortifications to incite (us to do) wrong! (Then) Lemnos would not be holding you, the son of Poeas (i.e. Philoctetes), landed (there) to our shame! (You are the one) who, they say, (while) hidden in forest caves, now moves the (very) rocks by your groans, and brings down upon (the head of) Laërtes' son the curses which he deserves, (n.b. after Philoctetes had been bitten by a snake, the Greeks abandoned him on the isle of Lemnos on Ulysses' advice), (and) these curses, if there be any gods, (shall) not (be) in vain. And now, alas, that (man) (i.e. Philoctetes), sworn to (fight) in the same war as ourselves, and one of our chieftains, whom the shafts of Hercules own as his heir, (is) broken by disease and hunger, and, clothed and fed by the birds, he employs the arrows, intended by the fates for the Trojans, in shooting at the birds. Yet, he is (still) alive, because he did not accompany Ulysses (any further); luckless Palamedes would have preferred to have been left behind also: he would be living, or, at least, he would have won a shameless death, (but) that man over there, recalling all too unhappily the exposure of his madness, falsely accused him of betraying the Danaan (i.e. Greek) cause, and he proved the false accusation by revealing the gold, which he had already planted (there). So, by banishment (i.e. in the case of Philoctetes) or by death (i.e. in the case of Palamedes, who was stoned to death by the Greeks for his supposed treachery), he has stolen away strength from the Achaeans: thus Ulysses fights, thus (Ulysses) should be feared!
"Though he may surpass even trusty Nestor in eloquence, yet it will not come to pass that I should believe that his desertion of Nestor was anything (but) a crime; when he, slowed down by an injury to his horse, and weary with old age (as he was), implored Ulysses' (help), he was betrayed by his comrade; the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) is well aware that I have not invented this charge, and he repeatedly called (him) by name, (and) rebuked (him), and reproached his cowardly friend for his flight. The gods look down upon (the affairs) of mortals with just eyes! Look, he needs help who did not bring (any), and, as he had abandoned (his comrade), so he would have been forsaken: he, himself, had enunciated his own rule. He shouts out to his comrades: I approach, and see (him) trembling and pale with fear, and alarmed at his impending death. I set before (him) the mass of my shield, and covered (him) as he lay (there), and I saved his cowardly life - (though) there is little enough (cause) for praise in that. If you persist in this contest, let us return to that spot: revisit the enemy, and your wound, and your usual cowardice, and hide under my shield and contend with me under it! Yet, after I had rescued (him), he, whose wounds had not granted him the strength to stand, took to flight, not slowed by any injury at all.
"Hector approaches and leads gods (i.e. Apollo) with him into battle, and, when he rushes (onwards), not only you are terrified, Ulysses, but brave (men) too: he brings so much fear. As he was exulting in the success of his bloody slaughter, I cast him to the ground with a huge weight (hurled) from afar. When he demanded (a man) with whom he might meet (in single combat), I alone stood up to him: Achaeans, you prayed that the lot (might fall on) me, and your prayers prevailed. Should you ask about the outcome of the fight, (I can say that) I was not overcome by him. Behold, the Trojans bring forth fire and sword, and Jupiter (too) against the Danaan fleet: where now (is) the eloquent Ulysses? I certainly protected a thousand ships with my breast, (thus saving) the hope of your return: in return for all these ships, grant (me) the armour! But if I may be permitted to speak the truth, a greater honour is sought by them than by me, and my glory is linked (to them), and Ajax is sought by the armour, not the armour by Ajax.
"Let the man from Ithaca (i.e. Ulysses), compare the (killing of) Rhesus and of the unwarlike Dolon with the these (deeds), and also his capture of Priam's son, Helenus, and his theft of the image of Pallas (i.e. the Palladium): nothing (was) performed in daylight, nothing (was performed) in the absence of Diomedes; if ever you grant yonder armour for such mean services, divide (it up), and let Diomedes have the greater share of it.
"Yet, what (profit is there in) this (armour) for the Ithacan, who (always) undertakes things in secret, (and) who (is) always unarmed, and deceives the unsuspecting enemy with his tricks? The very gleam of the helmet, radiant with shining gold, will reveal his places of ambush and show (where he is) lying hidden: nor will the Dulichian's (i.e. Ulysses', the epithet being taken from Dulichium, an unidentified small island near to Ithaca) head beneath Achilles' helmet bear so great a weight, and the spear-shaft from Pelion (i.e. a mountain in Thessaly) cannot but be heavy and burdensome for arms (so) unused to war, nor will that shield, engraved with an image of the vast world, fit that cowardly left(-arm), born (as it was) for trickery: (you) perverse (man), why do you seek a gift that will cripple you? And, if some error of the Achaean people gives it to you, it will be the cause of you being despoiled, and not being feared, by the enemy, and that flight, in which alone you excel all others, you most cowardly (of men), would (soon) become a laggardly (one) in your (case), (as you would be) dragging so great a weight of armour. Add that that shield of yours, having experienced battle so rarely, is undamaged; for mine, which shows the evidence of countless wounds, (caused) by fending off spear(-thrusts), a new (one) must be found to take its place.
"Finally, - (for) what is the use of words? - let us be seen in action! Let the valiant warrior's armour be dispatched into the midst of the enemy: order (it) to be recovered from there, and equip the retriever with what he has retrieved!"
Ll. 123-381. The debate over Achilles' armour: Ulysses speaks.
The son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) had finished, and the applause of the rank and file followed his final (words), until the heroic son of Laërtes stood up, and, having fixed his eyes on the ground for a while, he raised (them) up in the direction of the chieftains, and loosened his lips for his awaited speech, nor was grace lacking in his eloquent words.
"If my wishes, and yours, Pelasgians, had prevailed, the master of so great a contest would not be in doubt, and you would (now) have your armour, Achilles, (and) we (would still have) you, but, since an unjust fate has denied him (both) to me and to you," - and (here) he wiped his eyes with his hand, as though he were shedding tears at the same time - "who can better succeed the great Achilles than (the man) through whom Achilles joined the Danaans (in the first place)? Only, do not let it help him (i.e. Ajax) that he seems (as) dim-witted as he is, nor let it harm my (case) that my ingenuity has always been of benefit to you, Achaeans, and let this eloquence of mine, if such it be, which has spoken (so) often on your behalf, (and) now (speaks) for its master, be free from envy; let no man reject his own talents.
"(And) now, (as to) race and ancestors, and (deeds) which we have not achieved ourselves, I can hardly call these (things) mine, but actually, since Ajax has recalled that he is Jupiter's great-grandson, Jupiter is the founder of my bloodline also, and I am distant from him to the same degree: for Laërtes is my father, Arcesius is the former's (i.e. Laërtes') and Jupiter is the latter's (i.e. Arcesius'), nor is there a single banished criminal amongst them (n.b. Telamon, Ajax's father and Peleus, Ajax's uncle and Achilles' father, had been exiled from Aegina for killing their half-brother, Phocus); also, Cyllenius (i.e. Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia) is a second (source of) nobility for me, added through my mother (i.e. Anticleia, the daughter of Mercury's son, Autolycus): (so) there is a god in both my parents. But I do not claim the armour lying (there), because I am nobler through my mother's birth, or because my father is guiltless of a brother's blood: judge the case on its merits, provided that no credit should be given to Ajax because Telamon and Peleus were brothers, and let not line of descent, but respect for ability, be the focus of your inquiry in (making) this award! But if the next (of kin) and the nearest heir are being sought, (then) Peleus is the father, and Pyrrhus is his son: what (then is) the position of Ajax? The (armour) might be taken to Phthia (i.e. a city in Thessaly, ruled by Peleus) or to Scyros (i.e. an Aegean island off the coast of Euboea, ruled by Pyrrhus)! Teucer (i.e. Ajax's half-brother) is no less Achilles' cousin than he is: yet, he doesn't ask for the armour, does he? (And,) if he did ask for (it), he wouldn't get it, would he?
"So, since the contest is merely about achievements, I have done more (things) than (those) which it is easy for me to recount in words, but I shall be led by the order of events.
"His (i.e. Achilles') mother, the daughter of Nereus (i.e. Thetis), foreseeing his coming death, conceals her son by (a change of) attire, and the deceptiveness of the clothes (he had) put on fooled everyone, amongst whom (was) Ajax. Amongst articles bought by women, I inserted some arms that would stir the spirit of a man, and the hero had still not discarded his girl's clothing when, as he was holding a shield and spear, I said, 'Son of a goddess, Pergama, doomed to be destroyed, is saving itself for you! Why do you hesitate to destroy mighty Troy?' I put my hand on (him), and sent the brave (man) forth to (perform) brave (deeds).
"So, his deeds belong to me: (it was) I (that) subdued the warring Telephus (i.e. the son of Hercules, and king of Mysia) with my spear, and healed (him with it), (when he had been) overcome and was begging (for help); it is through me that Thebes (i.e. a city in Mysia) fell; believe me, I took Lesbos, Tenedos (i.e. both islands in the Aegean), and the cities of Apollo, Chryse and Cilla (i.e. both towns in the Troad), and Scyros (i.e. a town in Phrygia) as well; think (too) about the walls of Lyrnessus (i.e. a town in the Troad, near to Mount Ida), shaken by my right(-hand), and thrown down to the ground, and, though I shall say nothing (about) other (cities), I certainly did give (you the man) who was able to destroy fierce Hector: (yes, it is) through me that glorious Hector lies low. I claim these arms for those arms by which Achilles was revealed: (what) I gave (to him, when he was) alive, I am reclaiming after his death.
"When the grief of one man (i.e. Menelaüs) came upon all the Danaans and a thousand ships gathered at Euboean Aulis, (and,) although the fleet waited for a long time, there were either no winds or contrary (winds). and a cruel oracle orders Agamemnon to sacrifice his innocent daughter (i.e. Iphigenia) to pitiless Diana. The father says no to this, and is angry with the gods themselves, and is still a father, even in a king. I, with my skill in words, turned a father's gentleness towards the common good. Now, I had, indeed, to argue a difficult case before - I confess (it) and may the son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) pardon my confession - a partial judge. But the people's good and his brother, and the important (duties) of the command (which had been) given (to him), moves him, so that he weighs (the need for) glory against (the claims of) blood. I am then sent to the mother (i.e. Clytemnestra), who could not be persuaded, but could be deceived by cunning: if Telamon's son (i.e. Ajax) had gone there, our sails would still be deprived of their winds. I am also sent (as) a bold envoy to the citadel of Ilium, and I saw and entered the council-chamber of lofty Troy - it was still then full of heroes - (and,) undaunted, I championed the common cause which the (whole of) Greece had charged me with, and I accuse Paris, and demand the return of Helen and the plunder (he had taken), and stir (the conscience of) Priam and Antenor (i.e. a Trojan elder), at one with Priam. But Paris, and his brothers, and those had plundered with him, could scarcely keep their impious hands (off me) - (all) this you know, Menelaüs - and that was the first day of peril to me and yourself.
"It would take a long time (for me) to recount what I have usefully accomplished, by stratagem and by deed, during the time of this protracted war. After the first clash of arms, the enemy kept themselves within the walls of the city for a long time, nor was there any opportunity for open warfare; at last, in the tenth year, we have fought: meanwhile, what have you been doing, (you) (i.e. Ajax), who knows about nothing but battles? What use were you? Now, should you ask (what) I have been doing, I lay snares for the enemy, I surround our fortifications with a ditch, I encourage our allies to bear the tedium of a long campaign with patience of mind, I show how we can be supplied with food and arms, I am sent wherever necessity demands.
"Look, the King, deceived by a dream in his sleep, is ordering (us) at Jupiter's command, to give up the concern (that we had) at the beginning of the war; he can justify his words by this authority: let Ajax prevent it and demand that Pergama be destroyed, and let him fight as (only) he can (do)! Why does he not try to stop (those who are) about to go home? Why does he not take up his arms, (and) give (a lead) which the fickle mob can follow? This would not be too much (to ask of one) who never speaks but to boast. (But) what (of the fact) that he is fleeing himself? I saw (you), and was ashamed to see (it), when you showed your back and began to prepare your dishonourable sails; instantly, I shouted, 'What are you doing? What madness has urged (you) to forsake Troy, now that is on the point of capture! And what can you take home (with you) after ten years but your disgrace?' With such words, and others, in which my very anguish made (me) fluent, I turned (men) away from flight and led (them) back from the ships. The son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) summons the allies, shaking with fear (as they were): even then, the son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) does not dare to utter anything, while even Thersites (i.e. an insubordinate Greek from the rank and file) had dared to attack the kings with insolent words, (though) not without punishment from me! I rise to my feet and exhort my frightened countrymen to (confront) the enemy, and restore their lost courage with my words. From this time (onwards), however bravely that man over there may be seen to have performed, it is (due to) me, who dragged (him) back as he was turning to flight.
"In short, which of the Danaans praises (you) or seeks (you) (i.e. Ajax) out? Yet, the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) shares what he does with me, backs me up, and always trusts in his companion, Ulysses. It is (surely) something that one (man) is singled out by Diomedes from so many thousands of Greeks! No (drawing of) lots forced me to go: yet, scorning the perils both of the night and of the enemy, I slew Dolon of the Phrygian race, who had ventured the same (things) as we had (i.e. he was spying on the Greeks on behalf of the Trojans), but not before I had forced (him) to tell (me) everything, and I had learned what perfidious Troy was planning. I had discovered everything, and nothing had been left (me) to espy, and I could then have turned back (to receive) the glory (which had been) promised (me): (but,) not content with that, I sought out the tents of Rhesus (i.e. a Thracian king, concerning whose horses an oracle had said that Troy would never be taken if they drank from the River Xanthus), and slew him and his companions in their own camp (i.e. before their horses could reach the Xanthus). And so, having achieved (as) a victor what I had vowed (to do), I ride in his captured chariot, in imitation of a joyful triumphal procession. (Well then,) deny me the armour (of Achilles,) whose horses my enemy (i.e. Dolon) had demanded (as) a reward for his night's work; even Ajax had been more generous (than that).
"Why should I mention the ranks of the Lycian Sarpedon, cut to pieces by my sword? Amid much blood, I cast down Coeranos, the son of Iphitus, and Alastor and Chromius, Alcander and Halius, and Noëmon and Prytanis, and I delivered to their destruction Thöon, together with Chersidamas, and Charopes and Ennomos, driven by inexorable fate, and (those) who (were) less well-known fell at my hand under the walls of the city. (Fellow-)citizens, I too have wounds, honourable by their very location; (but) do not believe empty words, look and see!" and he pulled open his tunic with his hand, and says, "Here is my breast, always busy in your affairs! But the son of Telamon has shed no blood for his comrades in all these years, and his body is without a wound!
"But what does it matter, if he declares that he took up arms on behalf of the Pelasgian ships against both the Trojans and Jupiter? I grant that he did - for it is not my (practice) to disparage beneficial actions grudgingly - , but do not let him claim alone the credit that (should be) shared, and let him grant some to you also. (For it was) the son of Actor (i.e. Patroclus), shielded beneath the guise of Achilles, (who) pushed back the Trojans from the ships, which were on the point of going up in flames, together with their defender (i.e. Ajax). Forgetful of the King (i.e. Agamemnon), and of the chieftains, and of me, (and) ninth to volunteer, and preferred in favour of the lot, he even thinks that he alone dared to meet the weapons of Hector. But, yet, what was the outcome of your struggle, (O) most valiant (of men)? Hector retreats without being harmed by any wound.
"Wretched as I am, with how much sorrow I am forced to recall that time when Achilles, the defence of the Greeks, fell! (Yet,) tears, grief and fear did not prevent me from lifting his body high up from the ground: on these shoulders, on these shoulders I say, I carried the body of Achilles, together with his armour, which I am now striving to bear away once more. I have the strength to manage such a burden, and I certainly have the mind to understand its worth: (was it) really for this reason that his sea-born mother (i.e. Thetis) was (so) sollicitous for her son that the gifts of heaven (and) the work of such great artistry should adorn a rude and witless soldier? For he (i.e. Ajax) knows nothing of the shield's engraving, and the Ocean, the earth, and the stars in the lofty sky, and the Pleiades, and the Hyades, and the Bear, immune from the waters, and the different planets, and the gleaming sword of Orion. He demands to take up armour which he does not understand.
"What (of the fact) that he accuses me of shirking the harsh duties of war, (and) of arriving late at a labour (already) begun, and does he not understand that he is reviling great-hearted Achilles as well? If you call (it) a crime to have pretended, we both pretended; if delay is a fault, I came earlier than he (did). A fond wife (i.e. Penelope) detained me, and a fond mother (i.e. Thetis) Achilles, and the first moments were given to them, and all the rest to you: I do not fear such an accusation, even if I cannot repel (it), when it is shared with so great a man: yet, (he was) revealed by Ulysses' cunning, but (he was) not (revealed) by (that) of Ajax.
"Let us not marvel that he pours out against me the invective of his foolish tongue, (since) he reproaches you also with (things) worthy of shame. Was it a disgrace for me to accuse Palamedes on a false charge, but proper for you to condemn (him)? But the son of Nauplias (i.e. Palamedes) could not refute so great, and so manifest, a crime, nor did you (only) hear the charges (brought) against him: you saw (it), and in the money his villainy was exposed.
"Nor do I deserve to be on trial, because Vulcan's Lemnos is holding the son of Poeas (i.e. Philoctetes) - defend your own action! for you agreed (to it) - but I shall not deny that I persuaded (him) to withdraw from the hardships of the war and the journey, and to try to relieve his dreadful agonies in rest. He agreed, and he (still) lives! Not only was this opinion given in good faith, but it also turned out well, although it was enough that it was given in good faith. Since our seers demand his (presence), for the destruction of Pergama, do not entrust me (to fetch him)! The Simois will flow backwards, Ida will stand leafless, Achaea will promise aid to Troy, and my mind will be idle on behalf of your interests, before the wit of stupid Ajax would benefit the Danaans. Although you are hostile to our king, and to our companions, and to me as well, (and,) although you execrate (me) and heap endless curses on my head, and, in your pain, you long that I should happen to be given into your (power), and to drink my blood, (and) that an opportunity may come to you (to deal) with me, as I had (to deal) with you, yet I would (still) go to you and strive to bring (you) back with me. And so, should Fortune favour (me), I should gain possession of your arrows, as I got possession of the Dardanian seer (i.e. Helenus), whom I captured, just as I revealed the oracles of the gods and fates of Troy, (and) just as I stole from the midst of the enemy, the remote image of Phrygian Minerva (i.e. the Palladium). And does Ajax (really) compare himself to me?
"Surely the fates prevented the capture of Troy without it: where (now) is valiant Ajax? Where are the great warrior's words? Why, then, are you afraid? Why does Ulysses dare to go beyond the sentinels and brave the night, and to enter not only the walls of Troy, but even its lofty citadel, through sharp swords, to snatch the goddess from her shrine, and bear (her) captive though the enemy (ranks)? If I had not done it, the son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) would have carried the seven-layered bull's hide (shield) on his left(-arm) in vain. That night the victory over Troy was procured by me: I defeated Pergama then, when I made its conquest possible.
"Stop pointing out to us, by your looks and mutterings that the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) (was) my (partner): he has his share of praise in that! Nor were you alone, when you held up your shield in defence of the allied ships: you had a throng of companions; I had (but) one. If he did not know that a fighter is worth less than a wise (man), and that the prize was not due (merely) to a dauntless right(-hand), he himself would also be seeking it; the lesser Ajax (i.e. the son of Oileus) would (also) seek (it), and (so would) the warlike Eurypylus, son of the renowned Andraemon, and no less (so), Idomeneus, and Meriones, born of the same nation, (and) the brother of the elder son of Atreus would seek (it too): for in fact (these men), stout of hand, and in no way second to me in battle, have yielded to my counsels. Your right(-hand) is useful in war; it is your thought-process which needs my guidance; you have strength without intelligence; I have a concern for the future. The son of Atreus chooses the time for fighting with me; you only reveal your body, I my mind (also), and by as much as he who steers the boat surpasses the function of the oarsman, and by as much as the general (is) greater than the soldier, so I surpass you; and indeed in our body the head is more powerful than the hand: the vigour of the whole (lies) within it.
"But you, O chieftains, grant this prize to your sentry, for the care of so many years which he has passed with an anxious mind, grant (me) this honour as recompense for my services: now my labour is at an end; I have removed the obstructing fates, and, by making (it) possible to take lofty Pergama, I have taken (her). By our common hopes, and (by) Troy's walls, doomed to fall, and by the gods, which I recently took from the enemy, (and) by whatever else is left which needs to be done with wisdom, I pray that, if something bold and hazardous still needs to be attempted, (and,) if you think that something in relation to the fate of Troy remains (to be done), you may remember me! Or, if you do not give these arms to me, give them to her!" - and he points to the fateful statue of Minerva.
Ll. 382-398. The death of Ajax.
The company of chieftains was moved, and proved by their decision what eloquence can do, and the eloquent (man) bore off the brave man's armour. (But he) who had so often withstood Hector alone, and sword and flames and Jupiter (as well), could not withstand mere anger, and passion conquered the invincible hero: he draws his sword, and shouts "This, at least, is mine! Or does Ulysses claim this for himself as well? This I must (now) employ against myself, and (this sword,) which has (so) often been drenched in Phrygian blood, will now be drenched in its master's gore, lest any (man) but Ajax can (ever) conquer Ajax."
He spoke, and plunged his lethal sword (deep) into his chest, which until then had never suffered a wound, which a sword had caused. No hand was strong enough to extract the the weapon (he had) implanted: the blood, itself, expelled (it), and the blood-stained ground bore a purple flower from the green turf, which had first sprung from the wound of the Oebalian (i.e. Spartan) (boy) (i.e. Hyacinthus); in the centre of the petals letters are inscribed, common to the boy and to the hero, the one (being) a name (i.e. AIAS), and the other a cry of woe (i.e. AI, AI).
Ll. 399-428. The fall of Troy.
The victor (i.e. Ulysses) sets sail for the country of (Queen) Hypsipyle (i.e. Lemnos) and (her father,) the famous Thoas, a land notorious among the ancients for the murder (by women) of their husbands, to bring back those arrows, the weapons of the Tirynthian (hero) (i.e. Hercules). When he had returned them to the Greeks, accompanied by their master (i.e. Philoctetes), the final hand was at last dealt in the long drawn-out war. Troy falls, and Priam at the same time! The unhappy wife of Priam (i.e. Hecuba) lost her human form after everything else, and alarmed the alien breezes, (in the place) where the long Hellespont is enclosed within a narrow (strait), with a strange (kind of) barking (i.e. she is transformed into Maera, the maddened black bitch of Hecate).
Ilium burned, and the flames had not yet died down, and Jupiter's altar was soaking up old Priam's (stream of) blood, and Phoebus' chief priestess (i.e. Cassandra), as she was being dragged along by her hair, stretched out her hand-palms to the skies in despair; the victorious Greeks drag away the Dardanian (i.e. Trojan) women (as) enviable prizes, as they were thronging the burning temples and embracing the statues of their nation's gods while they (still) could; Astyanax is hurled from that (very) tower, from where he often used to see his father (i.e. Hector), shown (to him) by his mother (i.e. Andromache) fighting on his behalf and protecting his ancestral kingdom.
Now the North Wind urges (them on) their way, and their sails, moved by a favourable breeze, resound: the sailors are told to make use of the winds; the Trojan women cry out, "Farewell! Troy; we are being ravished." They kiss their native earth and abandon their smoking houses. Hecuba, found in the midst of her son's tombs, (is) the last to board ship - (O) pitiable sight! (There,) as she clung to their graves and kissed their bones, the hands of Dulichian (Ulysses) dragged (her) away; yet, she emptied one (sepulchre) and carried away with her Hector's emptied ashes on her breast; (and) on Hector's grave she left (but) meagre offerings to the dead, the grey hair from her head, her hair and her tears.
Ll. 429-480. The deaths of Polydorus and Polyxena.
There is a country opposite Phrygia, where Troy was, inhabited by the men of Bistonia (i.e. a people of Thrace): Polymestor's wealthy court was there, to which your father (i.e. Priam) secretly sent you, Polydorus, to be reared, and he withdrew you from Phrygian warfare; (this would have been) a wise plan, if he had not sent you great riches, as a reward for a criminal and a incitement to a greedy mind. When the fortunes of the Phrygians waned, the impious king of the Thracians (i.e. Polymestor) takes up his sword and stabbed his foster-son in the throat, and threw his lifeless (body) from a cliff into the waves beneath, as though murder could be done away by a corpse.
The son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) had moored his fleet on a Thracian beach, until the sea had calmed and the wind was kinder: here suddenly (the ghost of) Achilles rises from the wide gaping earth, as large as he used to be when he was alive, and he was just like he was on that day, when he fiercely challenged the unjust Agamemnon with his sword, and he cries, "You depart (then), Achaeans, forgetting me, and your regard for my courage is buried with me! Do not let it happen! Let the sacrifice of Polyxena appease Achilles' shade, so that my tomb is not without honour!"
He spoke, and, as his comrades obeyed the pitiless ghost, the maid, who was now almost her only comfort, was torn from her mother's breast, and ill-fated but braver than a woman (as she was), is led to the burial mound and becomes a victim of the dreadful funeral-pyre. When she, remembering who she was, was conveyed to the cruel altar, and she knew that the savage rites were being prepared for her, when she saw Neoptolemus (i.e. the son of Achilles) standing (there), holding his sword, and fixing his eyes on her face, she said, "Now, shed noble blood. Nothing is stopping (you); but may you bury your sword in my throat or breast," and she uncovered both her throat and her breast. "Polyxena certainly has no wish to be a slave to any (man). No god will be appeased by such a rite as this (one)! I only wish that my death could be hidden from my mother: my mother gets in the way of, and lessens my joy in death, though it is not my death, but my mother's living (that is so) terrible. Now, if what I am seeking is lawful, may you stand back, lest I may be prevented from going to the Stygian shades, and take the hands of man from my virgin flesh! My blood, freely given, will be more acceptable to him, whoever he is, whom you are trying to appease by my slaughter. But, if the last words of my mouth will move any (of you) - the daughter of King Priam is asking you, not a prisoner - , return my body to my mother without ransom, and let her pay for the sad privilege of my burial not with gold, but with tears! Then, when she could, she paid in gold as well."
She finished speaking, and and the people could not hold back the tears, which she held back; (then,) the priest, himself, also weeping, and against his will, pierced the breast (which she had) offered up with the sword (which he had) driven into (it). As her knees gave way, she sank to the ground, but she maintained her fearless look to the very last moment; even then, when she fell, she was careful to cover up the parts which should be kept hidden, and (thus) to preserve the honour of her chaste modesty.
Ll. 481-575. Hecuba's lament and transformation into a dog.
The women of Troy take up (her body) and count up the lamented children of Priam, and (reckon) how much blood one household has surrendered; and they weep for you, maiden, and for you, O until recently called royal wife (and) royal parent, the image of flourishing Asia, now in evil circumstances, even for a hostage, whom victorious Ulysses would not have wanted to be his, but for (the fact) that you had given birth to Hector: Hector could hardly have imagined (such) a master for his mother! Embracing the body (now) empty of so brave a spirit, she sheds tears for her too that she had shed so often for her country, her sons and her husband; she pours tears over her wound, and covers her lips with kisses and beats her breast in the customary fashion; then plucking at her white hair, caked with blood, but tearing even more at her breast, she said as follows:
"Child - for what (else) is left (to me)? - your mother's last (source of) grief, you lie (there), child, and I see your wound (as) my wound: you also have your wound, so that I should not lose any more of my children without bloodshed; and, because you were a woman, I thought you safe from the sword: yet, you, a woman, died by the sword, and that same Achilles, the destroyer of Troy and the bereaver of my (children), has killed so many of your brothers, and you in the same way; yet, when he fell to the arrows of Paris and Phoebus, I said, 'Now surely Achilles is no longer to be feared': yet even then, I (still) needed to fear (him); his very ashes in the tomb are hostile to our race; we even feel his enmity in the grave: I have been fertile for the grandson of Aeacus (i.e. Achilles)! Mighty Ilium lies (in the dust), and in a grievous happening our ruined state is ended, but still it is ended; Pergama remains only in me. My grief is still in progress: a short time ago, (I was) endowed with the greatest possessions, and with so many descendants, and sons, and daughters-in-law, and a husband; now, I am dragged off, an exile, destitute, torn from the tombs of my (children), (as) a prize for Penelope (i.e. the wife of Ulysses), who, (while) pointing me out to the women of Ithaca, as I am spinning the wool (she has) given (me), will say, 'This is the famous mother of Hector, this is the wife of Priam.' Now, you (Polyxena), after so many have been lost, (you) who alone were able to comfort your mother's grief, have been sacrificed on an enemy's funeral-pyre! I have borne offerings to the enemy dead! Why do I remain (so) unyielding? Or why do I linger (here)? Why do you preserve me (in) my wrinkled old-age? Why, (you) cruel gods, do you prolong an old woman's life? Who would have thought that Priam could be happy, after Pergama was said to have been demolished? (Yet,) he is happy in his death, nor did he see you killed, my daughter, and he left his life and his kingdom at the same time. But, can I imagine that (you,) a royal maiden will be honoured with funeral rites, and that your body will be buried in our ancestral tombs? That is not the fortune of our house: your mother's tears will be your funeral gift, and draughts of foreign sand! We have lost everything: there remains (one reason) why I should continue to live for a short time, his mother's dearest child, now an only (one), Polydorus, once the youngest of my male stock, sent to these shores, to the king of (Mount) Ismarus (i.e. Polymestor). (But) meanwhile why do I delay washing with water your cruel wounds and your face bespattered with inexorable blood?"
She spoke, and made her way to the shore with the (feeble) steps of an old woman, tearing at her white hair (as she went). "Give (me) an urn, women of Troy!" (Thus) spoke the unhappy (woman), (wanting) to draw the flowing water: (there) she sees the body of Polydorus, thrown on to the beach, and the enormous wounds, inflicted by the Thracian spears; the Trojan women cry out, (but) she was dumb with grief, and her very grief obliterates both her power of speech and the tears (which were) welling up inside (her), and she stands stiff, and at one moment she fixes her gaze on the ground opposite, and at another she lifts her grim face to the sky. Now, she sees the face of her prostrate son, (and) now his wounds, especially his wounds, and her anger is aroused and grows in strength. Soon, it blazed forth, as though she were still a queen: she was determined to avenge (him), and her whole (mind) is (filled) with thoughts of punishment, and, like a lioness is maddened by the theft of an unweaned cub, and she follows her enemy, whom she cannot see, (and) the traces of his footsteps (which she has) discovered, so Hecuba, when she has mixed her anger with grief, not forgetting her rage, but forgetting her age, makes her way to Polymestor, the perpetrator of that dreadful murder, and seeks an interview (with him); for (she says) that she wishes to reveal to him a secret (hoard of) gold, abandoned (in the Troad), which she wished to restore to her son.
The Odrysian (i.e. the Thessalian Polymestor) believed (her) and, accustomed (as he was) to a love of plunder, he secretly goes (with her): then, with smooth words, he cunningly said (to her), "Do not delay, Hecuba; give (me) the gift to your son! It will all be his, what you give and what you gave previously; I swear (it) by the gods." Grimly she looks at (him) as he speaks and swears his false (oath), and her seething anger boils over, and then she calls upon her train of captive women to attack (him), and she drives her finger(-nails) into his treacherous eyes and tears his eye(-balls) from their sockets - anger makes (her) strong - and she dips her hands and drinks, not (from) his eyes, sullied (as they are) with his guilty blood - for nothing (of them) remains - (but from) the holes (where) his eyes (had been).
The Thracian people, enraged by their king's disastrous fate, begin to attack the Trojan women by hurling spears and rocks (at them), but she chases the stones (they) threw with bites and a harsh growling (sound), and, as she prepares her jaws for words, she barked as she tried to speak: the place is still there, and takes its name (i.e. Cynossema, the Monument of the Bitch) from this, and, remembering her former longtime sufferings, she howls even now over the Sithonian (i.e. Thessalian) fields. Her misfortune moved the Trojans and their enemies, the Pelasgians, and all the gods as well, yes, all (of them), so that even Jupiter's consort and sister (i.e. Juno) said that Hecuba did not deserve such a fate.
Ll. 576-622. Aurora and the Memnonides.
Aurora (i.e. the Goddess of the Morning) had no time to be moved by the disasters and the fall of Troy and Hecuba, although she had supported their arms. A closer sorrow and a private grief torments the goddess, the loss of (her son), Memnon, whom she, his saffron-coloured mother, had seen being slain by Achilles' spear; she saw (it), and that colour, with which the time of the early morning is reddened, went pale, and the sky was covered in cloud. Now, his mother could not bear to look at his body, (which had been) placed on the top of the (funeral) fire, but, just as she was, with her hair dishevelled, she did not scorn to fall on her knees before mighty Jupiter, and she added these words to her tears:
"(I am) the least of all (those beings) whom the golden heavens sustain - for temples (dedicated) to me are the rarest in all the world - , yet I have come (as) a goddess, not that you may grant me sanctuaries, and sacrificial days, and altars due to be lit with fire; yet, if you consider how much I, (as) a woman, do for you at the time when I guard the borders of night at each new dawn, you might think I should be given some reward; but it is not my concern, nor (is it) my present purpose, to demand well-deserved honours for Aurora; I come (here), bereft of my (son), Memnon, who bore arms for his uncle (i.e. Priam), bravely (but) in vain, and was slain by the valiant Achilles - (for) so you willed (it to happen). Grant him, I beg (you), some (kind of) honour (as) a solace for his death, (O) great ruler of the gods, and lighten a mother's wounds!" Jupiter nodded in agreement, while Memnon's steep pyre collapsed in tall flames, and columns of black smoke darkened the light of day, just like when the Water-Nymph breathes out mist from the river, nor is the sunlight admitted from beneath (it); dark ash flies (upwards), and, gathering into a ball, it solidifies and takes shape, and draws heat and life from the fire - its own lightness gave (it) wings - and (something) like a bird at first, and then a real bird, it clapped its wings, (and) countless sisters, who had the same source of birth, made similar sounds. Three times they encircle the pyre, and three times their concordant clamour rises into the air, (but) on the fourth flight the flock divides; then, two fierce bands wage war from different sides, and cultivate their rage through their beaks and hooked talons, and they tire their wings and breasts in the struggle, and (at last) their bodies, kin to the buried ashes, fall as funeral offerings, and they remember that were sprung from a valiant warrior.
The source gives his name to these suddenly (created) birds: from him (they are) called the Memnonides (i.e. the birds sprung from Memnon's ashes, fated to re-enact annually the Trojan War as a ritual commemoration of Memnon) (and,) when the sun has passed through its twelve signs, they fight and prepare to die in the manner of their father.
So, (while) it seemed to others worthy of tears that the daughter of Dymas (i.e. Hecuba) was barking (like a dog), Aurora is intent on her own grief, and even now she sheds dutiful tears and distils dew on the whole world.
Ll. 623-629. Aeneas begins his wanderings.
Still, the fates do not permit the hopes of Troy also to be overthrown together with her walls: Cytherea's (i.e. Venus') heroic son (i.e. Aeneas) carries off on his shoulders her sacred (icons) and another sacred and venerable burden, (namely) his father (i.e. Anchises). He dutifully chooses that prize, and his (son) Ascanius from all of his riches, and from Antandros (i.e. a seaport in the Troad) he is carried over the sea in his fugitive fleet, and he quits the sinful thresholds of the Thracians, and its soil, drenched (as it is) in the blood of Polydorus, and, (with the help) of advantageous winds and a favourable tide, he comes with his company of friends to the city of Apollo (i.e. on the island of Delos).
Anius (i.e. son of Apollo and king of Delos), by whose rule the people were protected, and by whom, as chief priest Phoebus was duly worshipped, received him both in his temple and in his dwelling, and he showed (him) the city and the famous sanctuary, and the two tree-stumps clung to by Latona as she was giving birth (i.e. to Phoebus/ Apollo and Diana). After incense has been added to the flames, and wine poured on the incense, and the entrails of slaughtered oxen were burned in accordance with custom, they make for the royal palace, and, placed on high embroidered (couches), they receive the gifts of Ceres together with flowing wine.
Ll. 640-674. The transformation of Anius' daughters.
Then (says) pious Anchises: "O chosen priest of Phoebus, am I mistaken, or do I recall that you had a son and as many as four daughters, when I first saw this city of yours?"
Shaking his head, bound with its white (sacrificial) fillets, Anius says to him sadly: "You are not wrong, (O) mightiest of heroes; you saw (me), the father of five children, whom now you see almost bereft - such fickleness of fortune can disturb (all) men. For what help to me (is) my absent son (i.e. Andron), whom the land of Andros (i.e. an island in the Cyclades, south-east of Euboea) called by his name, has in place of his father, and who holds the place as his kingdom? The Delian (god) (i.e. Apollo) has given him (the power of) augury, (and) Liber (i.e. Bacchus) gave my female offspring other gifts, greater than (anything) they could pray for or hope to gain: for at my daughters' touch, everything was turned into corn and liquid wine and olive-oil, and there was rich profit in them. When the son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon), the ravager of Troy, learned of this - lest you may think that we also have felt no share at all in your (violent) storm - , (by) using force of arms, he snatches my unwilling (daughters) from their father's bosom, and orders that they should feed the Argive (i.e. Greek) fleet through their celestial gifts. They each flee to wherever they could: Euboea was sought by two daughters, and their brother's Andros by the other two. Troops land and threaten war, unless they are surrendered. Family affection (is) overcome by fear: (and) he gave up for punishment the persons of his kin; and you could forgive the fearful brother: (for) Aeneas (was) not there to defend Andros, nor was Hector, through whom you were to hold out until the tenth year. And now they were preparing the chains for the prisoners' arms: they, stretching forth their arms to the sky, (while they were) still free, cried out, 'Father Bacchus, bring (us) your help!' and the instigator of their gifts brought (them) help, if it can be called help to lose one's (human) form in some strange manner, nor could I discover by what means they lost (it), nor can I tell of (it) now; (but) the end of this misfortune I did observe: they took wing, and were changed into snow-white doves, the birds of your consort, (Anchises)."
Ll. 675-704. The cup of Alcon.
When they had completed the feast with these and other speeches, the left the table and sought sleep, and, when they rose at dawn, they went to the oracle of Phoebus, who bids (them) to seek their ancient mother and their ancestral shores; the king escorts (them) on their way and gives (them) gifts: to Anchises a sceptre, to Ascanius a cloak and a quiver; (and) to Aeneas a mixing-bowl, which Ismenian (i.e. Theban) Therses, a guest-friend, had once sent him from the Aonian (i.e. Boeotian) coast: Therses had sent it to him, (but) Alcon of Hyle had made (it), and had engraved (it) with a detailed story.
There was a city, and you could pick out its seven gates: these served to (give it) a name, and to tell you what that (place) was; in front of the city funeral rites and tombs, fires and funeral-pyres, and women with streaming hair and bared breasts depict mourning; nymphs are also seen weeping and lamenting their dried-up fountains: bare trees stand stiff and leafless, and goats nibble at the dry gravel.
Look, (here) in the middle of Thebes, he (i.e. Alcon) shows Orion's daughters (i.e. Menippe and Metioche), one giving a wound, not suitable for a woman, to her bared throat, (and) the other stabbing a weapon into her valiant breast, dying on behalf of their people, and (then) being borne through the city in a glorious funeral procession to be cremated among a throng of mourners. Then two youths, whom fame names (as) the Coroni, spring from the virgins' embers, so that their race should not perish, and lead the procession (which is owed) to their mothers' ashes. Such (was) the bronze (bowl) with its gleaming figures, (while) the rim of the mixing-bowl was engraved with golden acanthus(-leaves).
Ll. 705-737. Aeneas' journey to Sicily.
Thence, remembering that (they,) the Teucrians (i.e. Trojans) derived originally from the blood of Teucer (i.e. an early king of Troy who had come from Crete), they made for Crete, but unable to endure Jupiter's (plague), they leave the (land of) a hundred cities and desire to reach the harbours of Ausonia (i.e. Italy); the wintry storms rage and toss the heroes (around on the surface of the sea), and, having found refuge in the treacherous harbours of the Strophades (i.e. two small islands in the Ionian sea), the harpy Aëllo frightened (them). And now they were carried past the harbours of Dulichium, and Same (i.e. both small islands in the Ionian sea near Ithaca), and the houses of Neritos (i.e. a mountainous island near Ithaca), and Ithaca, the kingdom of the crafty Ulysses: they see Ambracia (i.e. a city in Epirus), (once) fought over by the strife of the gods, beneath the image of the judge turned to stone, (and) which is now renowned for its Apollo of Actium (i.e. a promontory in Epirus, with a temple dedicated to Apollo), and the land of Dodona (i.e. the town in Epirus which was the site of an oracle of Jupiter), which speaks through its oaks, and the harbours of Chaonia (i.e. a region of Epirus), where the sons of the king of the Molossus (i.e. Munichus) escaped the impious flames on the wings (which were) attached (to them).
Next, they head for the country of the Phaeacians (i.e. the island of Scheria, possibly Corfu), planted with rich orchards, (and) they make for Buthrotos in Epirus, (a city) similar to Troy, and ruled by the Phrygian seer (i.e. Helenus).
Thence, assured of (things) to come, all of which Priam's son, Helenus had predicted in his reliable prophecies, they enter Sicanian (i.e. Sicilian) waters: this land runs down to the sea in three tongues (i.e. promontories), of which Pachynos is turned towards the rainy south winds, Lilybaeum faces the soft western breezes, (and) Peloros looks to the Bears, free of the waves (as they are), and the north wind. Here the Teucrians come, and through its oars and a favourable tide, their fleet attains the beach of Zancle (i.e. Messina) at night: Scylla disturbs the right(-hand) coast (i.e. of the straits of Messina), and restless Charybdis the left(-hand one): the latter swallows, and (then) spews forth, the ships (she has) caught, (while) the former girds her dark belly with savage dogs. She has a maiden's face, and, if the poets' (tales) are not all abandoned (as) fiction, (she), too, (was) once a maiden: many suitors wooed her, but she rejected them, and went to the sea-nymphs - (for) she was loved by the sea-nymphs - , and told (them) of the thwarted desires of these young men.
Ll. 738-788. Acis and Galatea.
Once, while Galatea proffers her hair to be combed, she addresses the following words to her (i.e. Scylla), while repeatedly letting out sighs: "Yet, O maiden, no relentless breed of men is wooing you, and you can reject them, as you are doing, with impunity; but I, whose father is Nereus, (and) to whom the dark-blue Doris gave birth, though I am guarded by a crowd of sisters, am not allowed to escape the love of the Cyclops (i.e. Polyphemus), other than through grief," and tears obstructed the sound of her voice. When the maiden (i.e. Scylla) had wiped these away with her marble(-white) thumb, and had comforted the goddess, she said, "Do tell (me), O dearest (one), and do not hide the cause of your grief - for I am thus worthy of your trust!" The daughter of Nereus (i.e. Galatea) spoke these words to the daughter of Crateis (i.e. Scylla) in reply: "Acis was the son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, a great (source of) pleasure to both his father and mother, but even more (so) to me; for he united himself to me alone. (He was) handsome, and, having passed his sixteenth birthday, he had marked his cheeks with a faint down. I (sought) him, (while) the Cyclops (i.e. Polyphemus) endlessly sought me. Nor, if you were to ask, could I say (whether) hatred of him or love of Acis was the stronger (emotion) in me: both were equally (strong). O kindly Venus, how powerful is your rule (over us)! Surely that savage (being), dreaded by the very trees of the forest and who has never been seen by a stranger without punishment, and who scorns mighty Olympus and its gods, (now) feels what love is, and, overcome by his strong desire, he burns (with passion), and forgets his flocks and his caves. And now, Polyphemus, you have a care for your appearance, and now (you are anxious) to please, now you comb your bristling hair with a mattock, now you are pleased to cut your shaggy beard with a sickle, and to gaze at your face in the water, and to compose (your expression). Your love of slaughter, your ferocity, and your gigantic thirst for blood, subside, and the ships come and go in safety.
"Meanwhile, Telemus (i.e. the seer) came to Sicilian (Mount) Aetna, Telemus, the son of Eurymus, whom no (flight of) birds could deceive, approaches the terrible Polyphemus, and said, 'Ulysses will take from you that single eye which you have in the middle of your forehead.' He laughed, and said, 'O (you) most foolish of seers, you are wrong, (for) another (person, a girl,) has already taken (it).' So, he spurns (the one) warning (him) in vain of the truth, and he either weighs down the shore by his giant tread, or he returns wearily to his dark cave.
"Though he may surpass even trusty Nestor in eloquence, yet it will not come to pass that I should believe that his desertion of Nestor was anything (but) a crime; when he, slowed down by an injury to his horse, and weary with old age (as he was), implored Ulysses' (help), he was betrayed by his comrade; the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) is well aware that I have not invented this charge, and he repeatedly called (him) by name, (and) rebuked (him), and reproached his cowardly friend for his flight. The gods look down upon (the affairs) of mortals with just eyes! Look, he needs help who did not bring (any), and, as he had abandoned (his comrade), so he would have been forsaken: he, himself, had enunciated his own rule. He shouts out to his comrades: I approach, and see (him) trembling and pale with fear, and alarmed at his impending death. I set before (him) the mass of my shield, and covered (him) as he lay (there), and I saved his cowardly life - (though) there is little enough (cause) for praise in that. If you persist in this contest, let us return to that spot: revisit the enemy, and your wound, and your usual cowardice, and hide under my shield and contend with me under it! Yet, after I had rescued (him), he, whose wounds had not granted him the strength to stand, took to flight, not slowed by any injury at all.
"Hector approaches and leads gods (i.e. Apollo) with him into battle, and, when he rushes (onwards), not only you are terrified, Ulysses, but brave (men) too: he brings so much fear. As he was exulting in the success of his bloody slaughter, I cast him to the ground with a huge weight (hurled) from afar. When he demanded (a man) with whom he might meet (in single combat), I alone stood up to him: Achaeans, you prayed that the lot (might fall on) me, and your prayers prevailed. Should you ask about the outcome of the fight, (I can say that) I was not overcome by him. Behold, the Trojans bring forth fire and sword, and Jupiter (too) against the Danaan fleet: where now (is) the eloquent Ulysses? I certainly protected a thousand ships with my breast, (thus saving) the hope of your return: in return for all these ships, grant (me) the armour! But if I may be permitted to speak the truth, a greater honour is sought by them than by me, and my glory is linked (to them), and Ajax is sought by the armour, not the armour by Ajax.
"Let the man from Ithaca (i.e. Ulysses), compare the (killing of) Rhesus and of the unwarlike Dolon with the these (deeds), and also his capture of Priam's son, Helenus, and his theft of the image of Pallas (i.e. the Palladium): nothing (was) performed in daylight, nothing (was performed) in the absence of Diomedes; if ever you grant yonder armour for such mean services, divide (it up), and let Diomedes have the greater share of it.
"Yet, what (profit is there in) this (armour) for the Ithacan, who (always) undertakes things in secret, (and) who (is) always unarmed, and deceives the unsuspecting enemy with his tricks? The very gleam of the helmet, radiant with shining gold, will reveal his places of ambush and show (where he is) lying hidden: nor will the Dulichian's (i.e. Ulysses', the epithet being taken from Dulichium, an unidentified small island near to Ithaca) head beneath Achilles' helmet bear so great a weight, and the spear-shaft from Pelion (i.e. a mountain in Thessaly) cannot but be heavy and burdensome for arms (so) unused to war, nor will that shield, engraved with an image of the vast world, fit that cowardly left(-arm), born (as it was) for trickery: (you) perverse (man), why do you seek a gift that will cripple you? And, if some error of the Achaean people gives it to you, it will be the cause of you being despoiled, and not being feared, by the enemy, and that flight, in which alone you excel all others, you most cowardly (of men), would (soon) become a laggardly (one) in your (case), (as you would be) dragging so great a weight of armour. Add that that shield of yours, having experienced battle so rarely, is undamaged; for mine, which shows the evidence of countless wounds, (caused) by fending off spear(-thrusts), a new (one) must be found to take its place.
"Finally, - (for) what is the use of words? - let us be seen in action! Let the valiant warrior's armour be dispatched into the midst of the enemy: order (it) to be recovered from there, and equip the retriever with what he has retrieved!"
Ll. 123-381. The debate over Achilles' armour: Ulysses speaks.
The son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) had finished, and the applause of the rank and file followed his final (words), until the heroic son of Laërtes stood up, and, having fixed his eyes on the ground for a while, he raised (them) up in the direction of the chieftains, and loosened his lips for his awaited speech, nor was grace lacking in his eloquent words.
"If my wishes, and yours, Pelasgians, had prevailed, the master of so great a contest would not be in doubt, and you would (now) have your armour, Achilles, (and) we (would still have) you, but, since an unjust fate has denied him (both) to me and to you," - and (here) he wiped his eyes with his hand, as though he were shedding tears at the same time - "who can better succeed the great Achilles than (the man) through whom Achilles joined the Danaans (in the first place)? Only, do not let it help him (i.e. Ajax) that he seems (as) dim-witted as he is, nor let it harm my (case) that my ingenuity has always been of benefit to you, Achaeans, and let this eloquence of mine, if such it be, which has spoken (so) often on your behalf, (and) now (speaks) for its master, be free from envy; let no man reject his own talents.
"(And) now, (as to) race and ancestors, and (deeds) which we have not achieved ourselves, I can hardly call these (things) mine, but actually, since Ajax has recalled that he is Jupiter's great-grandson, Jupiter is the founder of my bloodline also, and I am distant from him to the same degree: for Laërtes is my father, Arcesius is the former's (i.e. Laërtes') and Jupiter is the latter's (i.e. Arcesius'), nor is there a single banished criminal amongst them (n.b. Telamon, Ajax's father and Peleus, Ajax's uncle and Achilles' father, had been exiled from Aegina for killing their half-brother, Phocus); also, Cyllenius (i.e. Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia) is a second (source of) nobility for me, added through my mother (i.e. Anticleia, the daughter of Mercury's son, Autolycus): (so) there is a god in both my parents. But I do not claim the armour lying (there), because I am nobler through my mother's birth, or because my father is guiltless of a brother's blood: judge the case on its merits, provided that no credit should be given to Ajax because Telamon and Peleus were brothers, and let not line of descent, but respect for ability, be the focus of your inquiry in (making) this award! But if the next (of kin) and the nearest heir are being sought, (then) Peleus is the father, and Pyrrhus is his son: what (then is) the position of Ajax? The (armour) might be taken to Phthia (i.e. a city in Thessaly, ruled by Peleus) or to Scyros (i.e. an Aegean island off the coast of Euboea, ruled by Pyrrhus)! Teucer (i.e. Ajax's half-brother) is no less Achilles' cousin than he is: yet, he doesn't ask for the armour, does he? (And,) if he did ask for (it), he wouldn't get it, would he?
"So, since the contest is merely about achievements, I have done more (things) than (those) which it is easy for me to recount in words, but I shall be led by the order of events.
"His (i.e. Achilles') mother, the daughter of Nereus (i.e. Thetis), foreseeing his coming death, conceals her son by (a change of) attire, and the deceptiveness of the clothes (he had) put on fooled everyone, amongst whom (was) Ajax. Amongst articles bought by women, I inserted some arms that would stir the spirit of a man, and the hero had still not discarded his girl's clothing when, as he was holding a shield and spear, I said, 'Son of a goddess, Pergama, doomed to be destroyed, is saving itself for you! Why do you hesitate to destroy mighty Troy?' I put my hand on (him), and sent the brave (man) forth to (perform) brave (deeds).
"So, his deeds belong to me: (it was) I (that) subdued the warring Telephus (i.e. the son of Hercules, and king of Mysia) with my spear, and healed (him with it), (when he had been) overcome and was begging (for help); it is through me that Thebes (i.e. a city in Mysia) fell; believe me, I took Lesbos, Tenedos (i.e. both islands in the Aegean), and the cities of Apollo, Chryse and Cilla (i.e. both towns in the Troad), and Scyros (i.e. a town in Phrygia) as well; think (too) about the walls of Lyrnessus (i.e. a town in the Troad, near to Mount Ida), shaken by my right(-hand), and thrown down to the ground, and, though I shall say nothing (about) other (cities), I certainly did give (you the man) who was able to destroy fierce Hector: (yes, it is) through me that glorious Hector lies low. I claim these arms for those arms by which Achilles was revealed: (what) I gave (to him, when he was) alive, I am reclaiming after his death.
"When the grief of one man (i.e. Menelaüs) came upon all the Danaans and a thousand ships gathered at Euboean Aulis, (and,) although the fleet waited for a long time, there were either no winds or contrary (winds). and a cruel oracle orders Agamemnon to sacrifice his innocent daughter (i.e. Iphigenia) to pitiless Diana. The father says no to this, and is angry with the gods themselves, and is still a father, even in a king. I, with my skill in words, turned a father's gentleness towards the common good. Now, I had, indeed, to argue a difficult case before - I confess (it) and may the son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) pardon my confession - a partial judge. But the people's good and his brother, and the important (duties) of the command (which had been) given (to him), moves him, so that he weighs (the need for) glory against (the claims of) blood. I am then sent to the mother (i.e. Clytemnestra), who could not be persuaded, but could be deceived by cunning: if Telamon's son (i.e. Ajax) had gone there, our sails would still be deprived of their winds. I am also sent (as) a bold envoy to the citadel of Ilium, and I saw and entered the council-chamber of lofty Troy - it was still then full of heroes - (and,) undaunted, I championed the common cause which the (whole of) Greece had charged me with, and I accuse Paris, and demand the return of Helen and the plunder (he had taken), and stir (the conscience of) Priam and Antenor (i.e. a Trojan elder), at one with Priam. But Paris, and his brothers, and those had plundered with him, could scarcely keep their impious hands (off me) - (all) this you know, Menelaüs - and that was the first day of peril to me and yourself.
"It would take a long time (for me) to recount what I have usefully accomplished, by stratagem and by deed, during the time of this protracted war. After the first clash of arms, the enemy kept themselves within the walls of the city for a long time, nor was there any opportunity for open warfare; at last, in the tenth year, we have fought: meanwhile, what have you been doing, (you) (i.e. Ajax), who knows about nothing but battles? What use were you? Now, should you ask (what) I have been doing, I lay snares for the enemy, I surround our fortifications with a ditch, I encourage our allies to bear the tedium of a long campaign with patience of mind, I show how we can be supplied with food and arms, I am sent wherever necessity demands.
"Look, the King, deceived by a dream in his sleep, is ordering (us) at Jupiter's command, to give up the concern (that we had) at the beginning of the war; he can justify his words by this authority: let Ajax prevent it and demand that Pergama be destroyed, and let him fight as (only) he can (do)! Why does he not try to stop (those who are) about to go home? Why does he not take up his arms, (and) give (a lead) which the fickle mob can follow? This would not be too much (to ask of one) who never speaks but to boast. (But) what (of the fact) that he is fleeing himself? I saw (you), and was ashamed to see (it), when you showed your back and began to prepare your dishonourable sails; instantly, I shouted, 'What are you doing? What madness has urged (you) to forsake Troy, now that is on the point of capture! And what can you take home (with you) after ten years but your disgrace?' With such words, and others, in which my very anguish made (me) fluent, I turned (men) away from flight and led (them) back from the ships. The son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) summons the allies, shaking with fear (as they were): even then, the son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) does not dare to utter anything, while even Thersites (i.e. an insubordinate Greek from the rank and file) had dared to attack the kings with insolent words, (though) not without punishment from me! I rise to my feet and exhort my frightened countrymen to (confront) the enemy, and restore their lost courage with my words. From this time (onwards), however bravely that man over there may be seen to have performed, it is (due to) me, who dragged (him) back as he was turning to flight.
"In short, which of the Danaans praises (you) or seeks (you) (i.e. Ajax) out? Yet, the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) shares what he does with me, backs me up, and always trusts in his companion, Ulysses. It is (surely) something that one (man) is singled out by Diomedes from so many thousands of Greeks! No (drawing of) lots forced me to go: yet, scorning the perils both of the night and of the enemy, I slew Dolon of the Phrygian race, who had ventured the same (things) as we had (i.e. he was spying on the Greeks on behalf of the Trojans), but not before I had forced (him) to tell (me) everything, and I had learned what perfidious Troy was planning. I had discovered everything, and nothing had been left (me) to espy, and I could then have turned back (to receive) the glory (which had been) promised (me): (but,) not content with that, I sought out the tents of Rhesus (i.e. a Thracian king, concerning whose horses an oracle had said that Troy would never be taken if they drank from the River Xanthus), and slew him and his companions in their own camp (i.e. before their horses could reach the Xanthus). And so, having achieved (as) a victor what I had vowed (to do), I ride in his captured chariot, in imitation of a joyful triumphal procession. (Well then,) deny me the armour (of Achilles,) whose horses my enemy (i.e. Dolon) had demanded (as) a reward for his night's work; even Ajax had been more generous (than that).
"Why should I mention the ranks of the Lycian Sarpedon, cut to pieces by my sword? Amid much blood, I cast down Coeranos, the son of Iphitus, and Alastor and Chromius, Alcander and Halius, and Noëmon and Prytanis, and I delivered to their destruction Thöon, together with Chersidamas, and Charopes and Ennomos, driven by inexorable fate, and (those) who (were) less well-known fell at my hand under the walls of the city. (Fellow-)citizens, I too have wounds, honourable by their very location; (but) do not believe empty words, look and see!" and he pulled open his tunic with his hand, and says, "Here is my breast, always busy in your affairs! But the son of Telamon has shed no blood for his comrades in all these years, and his body is without a wound!
"But what does it matter, if he declares that he took up arms on behalf of the Pelasgian ships against both the Trojans and Jupiter? I grant that he did - for it is not my (practice) to disparage beneficial actions grudgingly - , but do not let him claim alone the credit that (should be) shared, and let him grant some to you also. (For it was) the son of Actor (i.e. Patroclus), shielded beneath the guise of Achilles, (who) pushed back the Trojans from the ships, which were on the point of going up in flames, together with their defender (i.e. Ajax). Forgetful of the King (i.e. Agamemnon), and of the chieftains, and of me, (and) ninth to volunteer, and preferred in favour of the lot, he even thinks that he alone dared to meet the weapons of Hector. But, yet, what was the outcome of your struggle, (O) most valiant (of men)? Hector retreats without being harmed by any wound.
"Wretched as I am, with how much sorrow I am forced to recall that time when Achilles, the defence of the Greeks, fell! (Yet,) tears, grief and fear did not prevent me from lifting his body high up from the ground: on these shoulders, on these shoulders I say, I carried the body of Achilles, together with his armour, which I am now striving to bear away once more. I have the strength to manage such a burden, and I certainly have the mind to understand its worth: (was it) really for this reason that his sea-born mother (i.e. Thetis) was (so) sollicitous for her son that the gifts of heaven (and) the work of such great artistry should adorn a rude and witless soldier? For he (i.e. Ajax) knows nothing of the shield's engraving, and the Ocean, the earth, and the stars in the lofty sky, and the Pleiades, and the Hyades, and the Bear, immune from the waters, and the different planets, and the gleaming sword of Orion. He demands to take up armour which he does not understand.
"What (of the fact) that he accuses me of shirking the harsh duties of war, (and) of arriving late at a labour (already) begun, and does he not understand that he is reviling great-hearted Achilles as well? If you call (it) a crime to have pretended, we both pretended; if delay is a fault, I came earlier than he (did). A fond wife (i.e. Penelope) detained me, and a fond mother (i.e. Thetis) Achilles, and the first moments were given to them, and all the rest to you: I do not fear such an accusation, even if I cannot repel (it), when it is shared with so great a man: yet, (he was) revealed by Ulysses' cunning, but (he was) not (revealed) by (that) of Ajax.
"Let us not marvel that he pours out against me the invective of his foolish tongue, (since) he reproaches you also with (things) worthy of shame. Was it a disgrace for me to accuse Palamedes on a false charge, but proper for you to condemn (him)? But the son of Nauplias (i.e. Palamedes) could not refute so great, and so manifest, a crime, nor did you (only) hear the charges (brought) against him: you saw (it), and in the money his villainy was exposed.
"Nor do I deserve to be on trial, because Vulcan's Lemnos is holding the son of Poeas (i.e. Philoctetes) - defend your own action! for you agreed (to it) - but I shall not deny that I persuaded (him) to withdraw from the hardships of the war and the journey, and to try to relieve his dreadful agonies in rest. He agreed, and he (still) lives! Not only was this opinion given in good faith, but it also turned out well, although it was enough that it was given in good faith. Since our seers demand his (presence), for the destruction of Pergama, do not entrust me (to fetch him)! The Simois will flow backwards, Ida will stand leafless, Achaea will promise aid to Troy, and my mind will be idle on behalf of your interests, before the wit of stupid Ajax would benefit the Danaans. Although you are hostile to our king, and to our companions, and to me as well, (and,) although you execrate (me) and heap endless curses on my head, and, in your pain, you long that I should happen to be given into your (power), and to drink my blood, (and) that an opportunity may come to you (to deal) with me, as I had (to deal) with you, yet I would (still) go to you and strive to bring (you) back with me. And so, should Fortune favour (me), I should gain possession of your arrows, as I got possession of the Dardanian seer (i.e. Helenus), whom I captured, just as I revealed the oracles of the gods and fates of Troy, (and) just as I stole from the midst of the enemy, the remote image of Phrygian Minerva (i.e. the Palladium). And does Ajax (really) compare himself to me?
"Surely the fates prevented the capture of Troy without it: where (now) is valiant Ajax? Where are the great warrior's words? Why, then, are you afraid? Why does Ulysses dare to go beyond the sentinels and brave the night, and to enter not only the walls of Troy, but even its lofty citadel, through sharp swords, to snatch the goddess from her shrine, and bear (her) captive though the enemy (ranks)? If I had not done it, the son of Telamon (i.e. Ajax) would have carried the seven-layered bull's hide (shield) on his left(-arm) in vain. That night the victory over Troy was procured by me: I defeated Pergama then, when I made its conquest possible.
"Stop pointing out to us, by your looks and mutterings that the son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes) (was) my (partner): he has his share of praise in that! Nor were you alone, when you held up your shield in defence of the allied ships: you had a throng of companions; I had (but) one. If he did not know that a fighter is worth less than a wise (man), and that the prize was not due (merely) to a dauntless right(-hand), he himself would also be seeking it; the lesser Ajax (i.e. the son of Oileus) would (also) seek (it), and (so would) the warlike Eurypylus, son of the renowned Andraemon, and no less (so), Idomeneus, and Meriones, born of the same nation, (and) the brother of the elder son of Atreus would seek (it too): for in fact (these men), stout of hand, and in no way second to me in battle, have yielded to my counsels. Your right(-hand) is useful in war; it is your thought-process which needs my guidance; you have strength without intelligence; I have a concern for the future. The son of Atreus chooses the time for fighting with me; you only reveal your body, I my mind (also), and by as much as he who steers the boat surpasses the function of the oarsman, and by as much as the general (is) greater than the soldier, so I surpass you; and indeed in our body the head is more powerful than the hand: the vigour of the whole (lies) within it.
"But you, O chieftains, grant this prize to your sentry, for the care of so many years which he has passed with an anxious mind, grant (me) this honour as recompense for my services: now my labour is at an end; I have removed the obstructing fates, and, by making (it) possible to take lofty Pergama, I have taken (her). By our common hopes, and (by) Troy's walls, doomed to fall, and by the gods, which I recently took from the enemy, (and) by whatever else is left which needs to be done with wisdom, I pray that, if something bold and hazardous still needs to be attempted, (and,) if you think that something in relation to the fate of Troy remains (to be done), you may remember me! Or, if you do not give these arms to me, give them to her!" - and he points to the fateful statue of Minerva.
Ll. 382-398. The death of Ajax.
The company of chieftains was moved, and proved by their decision what eloquence can do, and the eloquent (man) bore off the brave man's armour. (But he) who had so often withstood Hector alone, and sword and flames and Jupiter (as well), could not withstand mere anger, and passion conquered the invincible hero: he draws his sword, and shouts "This, at least, is mine! Or does Ulysses claim this for himself as well? This I must (now) employ against myself, and (this sword,) which has (so) often been drenched in Phrygian blood, will now be drenched in its master's gore, lest any (man) but Ajax can (ever) conquer Ajax."
He spoke, and plunged his lethal sword (deep) into his chest, which until then had never suffered a wound, which a sword had caused. No hand was strong enough to extract the the weapon (he had) implanted: the blood, itself, expelled (it), and the blood-stained ground bore a purple flower from the green turf, which had first sprung from the wound of the Oebalian (i.e. Spartan) (boy) (i.e. Hyacinthus); in the centre of the petals letters are inscribed, common to the boy and to the hero, the one (being) a name (i.e. AIAS), and the other a cry of woe (i.e. AI, AI).
Ll. 399-428. The fall of Troy.
The victor (i.e. Ulysses) sets sail for the country of (Queen) Hypsipyle (i.e. Lemnos) and (her father,) the famous Thoas, a land notorious among the ancients for the murder (by women) of their husbands, to bring back those arrows, the weapons of the Tirynthian (hero) (i.e. Hercules). When he had returned them to the Greeks, accompanied by their master (i.e. Philoctetes), the final hand was at last dealt in the long drawn-out war. Troy falls, and Priam at the same time! The unhappy wife of Priam (i.e. Hecuba) lost her human form after everything else, and alarmed the alien breezes, (in the place) where the long Hellespont is enclosed within a narrow (strait), with a strange (kind of) barking (i.e. she is transformed into Maera, the maddened black bitch of Hecate).
Ilium burned, and the flames had not yet died down, and Jupiter's altar was soaking up old Priam's (stream of) blood, and Phoebus' chief priestess (i.e. Cassandra), as she was being dragged along by her hair, stretched out her hand-palms to the skies in despair; the victorious Greeks drag away the Dardanian (i.e. Trojan) women (as) enviable prizes, as they were thronging the burning temples and embracing the statues of their nation's gods while they (still) could; Astyanax is hurled from that (very) tower, from where he often used to see his father (i.e. Hector), shown (to him) by his mother (i.e. Andromache) fighting on his behalf and protecting his ancestral kingdom.
Now the North Wind urges (them on) their way, and their sails, moved by a favourable breeze, resound: the sailors are told to make use of the winds; the Trojan women cry out, "Farewell! Troy; we are being ravished." They kiss their native earth and abandon their smoking houses. Hecuba, found in the midst of her son's tombs, (is) the last to board ship - (O) pitiable sight! (There,) as she clung to their graves and kissed their bones, the hands of Dulichian (Ulysses) dragged (her) away; yet, she emptied one (sepulchre) and carried away with her Hector's emptied ashes on her breast; (and) on Hector's grave she left (but) meagre offerings to the dead, the grey hair from her head, her hair and her tears.
Ll. 429-480. The deaths of Polydorus and Polyxena.
There is a country opposite Phrygia, where Troy was, inhabited by the men of Bistonia (i.e. a people of Thrace): Polymestor's wealthy court was there, to which your father (i.e. Priam) secretly sent you, Polydorus, to be reared, and he withdrew you from Phrygian warfare; (this would have been) a wise plan, if he had not sent you great riches, as a reward for a criminal and a incitement to a greedy mind. When the fortunes of the Phrygians waned, the impious king of the Thracians (i.e. Polymestor) takes up his sword and stabbed his foster-son in the throat, and threw his lifeless (body) from a cliff into the waves beneath, as though murder could be done away by a corpse.
The son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon) had moored his fleet on a Thracian beach, until the sea had calmed and the wind was kinder: here suddenly (the ghost of) Achilles rises from the wide gaping earth, as large as he used to be when he was alive, and he was just like he was on that day, when he fiercely challenged the unjust Agamemnon with his sword, and he cries, "You depart (then), Achaeans, forgetting me, and your regard for my courage is buried with me! Do not let it happen! Let the sacrifice of Polyxena appease Achilles' shade, so that my tomb is not without honour!"
He spoke, and, as his comrades obeyed the pitiless ghost, the maid, who was now almost her only comfort, was torn from her mother's breast, and ill-fated but braver than a woman (as she was), is led to the burial mound and becomes a victim of the dreadful funeral-pyre. When she, remembering who she was, was conveyed to the cruel altar, and she knew that the savage rites were being prepared for her, when she saw Neoptolemus (i.e. the son of Achilles) standing (there), holding his sword, and fixing his eyes on her face, she said, "Now, shed noble blood. Nothing is stopping (you); but may you bury your sword in my throat or breast," and she uncovered both her throat and her breast. "Polyxena certainly has no wish to be a slave to any (man). No god will be appeased by such a rite as this (one)! I only wish that my death could be hidden from my mother: my mother gets in the way of, and lessens my joy in death, though it is not my death, but my mother's living (that is so) terrible. Now, if what I am seeking is lawful, may you stand back, lest I may be prevented from going to the Stygian shades, and take the hands of man from my virgin flesh! My blood, freely given, will be more acceptable to him, whoever he is, whom you are trying to appease by my slaughter. But, if the last words of my mouth will move any (of you) - the daughter of King Priam is asking you, not a prisoner - , return my body to my mother without ransom, and let her pay for the sad privilege of my burial not with gold, but with tears! Then, when she could, she paid in gold as well."
She finished speaking, and and the people could not hold back the tears, which she held back; (then,) the priest, himself, also weeping, and against his will, pierced the breast (which she had) offered up with the sword (which he had) driven into (it). As her knees gave way, she sank to the ground, but she maintained her fearless look to the very last moment; even then, when she fell, she was careful to cover up the parts which should be kept hidden, and (thus) to preserve the honour of her chaste modesty.
Ll. 481-575. Hecuba's lament and transformation into a dog.
The women of Troy take up (her body) and count up the lamented children of Priam, and (reckon) how much blood one household has surrendered; and they weep for you, maiden, and for you, O until recently called royal wife (and) royal parent, the image of flourishing Asia, now in evil circumstances, even for a hostage, whom victorious Ulysses would not have wanted to be his, but for (the fact) that you had given birth to Hector: Hector could hardly have imagined (such) a master for his mother! Embracing the body (now) empty of so brave a spirit, she sheds tears for her too that she had shed so often for her country, her sons and her husband; she pours tears over her wound, and covers her lips with kisses and beats her breast in the customary fashion; then plucking at her white hair, caked with blood, but tearing even more at her breast, she said as follows:
"Child - for what (else) is left (to me)? - your mother's last (source of) grief, you lie (there), child, and I see your wound (as) my wound: you also have your wound, so that I should not lose any more of my children without bloodshed; and, because you were a woman, I thought you safe from the sword: yet, you, a woman, died by the sword, and that same Achilles, the destroyer of Troy and the bereaver of my (children), has killed so many of your brothers, and you in the same way; yet, when he fell to the arrows of Paris and Phoebus, I said, 'Now surely Achilles is no longer to be feared': yet even then, I (still) needed to fear (him); his very ashes in the tomb are hostile to our race; we even feel his enmity in the grave: I have been fertile for the grandson of Aeacus (i.e. Achilles)! Mighty Ilium lies (in the dust), and in a grievous happening our ruined state is ended, but still it is ended; Pergama remains only in me. My grief is still in progress: a short time ago, (I was) endowed with the greatest possessions, and with so many descendants, and sons, and daughters-in-law, and a husband; now, I am dragged off, an exile, destitute, torn from the tombs of my (children), (as) a prize for Penelope (i.e. the wife of Ulysses), who, (while) pointing me out to the women of Ithaca, as I am spinning the wool (she has) given (me), will say, 'This is the famous mother of Hector, this is the wife of Priam.' Now, you (Polyxena), after so many have been lost, (you) who alone were able to comfort your mother's grief, have been sacrificed on an enemy's funeral-pyre! I have borne offerings to the enemy dead! Why do I remain (so) unyielding? Or why do I linger (here)? Why do you preserve me (in) my wrinkled old-age? Why, (you) cruel gods, do you prolong an old woman's life? Who would have thought that Priam could be happy, after Pergama was said to have been demolished? (Yet,) he is happy in his death, nor did he see you killed, my daughter, and he left his life and his kingdom at the same time. But, can I imagine that (you,) a royal maiden will be honoured with funeral rites, and that your body will be buried in our ancestral tombs? That is not the fortune of our house: your mother's tears will be your funeral gift, and draughts of foreign sand! We have lost everything: there remains (one reason) why I should continue to live for a short time, his mother's dearest child, now an only (one), Polydorus, once the youngest of my male stock, sent to these shores, to the king of (Mount) Ismarus (i.e. Polymestor). (But) meanwhile why do I delay washing with water your cruel wounds and your face bespattered with inexorable blood?"
She spoke, and made her way to the shore with the (feeble) steps of an old woman, tearing at her white hair (as she went). "Give (me) an urn, women of Troy!" (Thus) spoke the unhappy (woman), (wanting) to draw the flowing water: (there) she sees the body of Polydorus, thrown on to the beach, and the enormous wounds, inflicted by the Thracian spears; the Trojan women cry out, (but) she was dumb with grief, and her very grief obliterates both her power of speech and the tears (which were) welling up inside (her), and she stands stiff, and at one moment she fixes her gaze on the ground opposite, and at another she lifts her grim face to the sky. Now, she sees the face of her prostrate son, (and) now his wounds, especially his wounds, and her anger is aroused and grows in strength. Soon, it blazed forth, as though she were still a queen: she was determined to avenge (him), and her whole (mind) is (filled) with thoughts of punishment, and, like a lioness is maddened by the theft of an unweaned cub, and she follows her enemy, whom she cannot see, (and) the traces of his footsteps (which she has) discovered, so Hecuba, when she has mixed her anger with grief, not forgetting her rage, but forgetting her age, makes her way to Polymestor, the perpetrator of that dreadful murder, and seeks an interview (with him); for (she says) that she wishes to reveal to him a secret (hoard of) gold, abandoned (in the Troad), which she wished to restore to her son.
The Odrysian (i.e. the Thessalian Polymestor) believed (her) and, accustomed (as he was) to a love of plunder, he secretly goes (with her): then, with smooth words, he cunningly said (to her), "Do not delay, Hecuba; give (me) the gift to your son! It will all be his, what you give and what you gave previously; I swear (it) by the gods." Grimly she looks at (him) as he speaks and swears his false (oath), and her seething anger boils over, and then she calls upon her train of captive women to attack (him), and she drives her finger(-nails) into his treacherous eyes and tears his eye(-balls) from their sockets - anger makes (her) strong - and she dips her hands and drinks, not (from) his eyes, sullied (as they are) with his guilty blood - for nothing (of them) remains - (but from) the holes (where) his eyes (had been).
The Thracian people, enraged by their king's disastrous fate, begin to attack the Trojan women by hurling spears and rocks (at them), but she chases the stones (they) threw with bites and a harsh growling (sound), and, as she prepares her jaws for words, she barked as she tried to speak: the place is still there, and takes its name (i.e. Cynossema, the Monument of the Bitch) from this, and, remembering her former longtime sufferings, she howls even now over the Sithonian (i.e. Thessalian) fields. Her misfortune moved the Trojans and their enemies, the Pelasgians, and all the gods as well, yes, all (of them), so that even Jupiter's consort and sister (i.e. Juno) said that Hecuba did not deserve such a fate.
Ll. 576-622. Aurora and the Memnonides.
Aurora (i.e. the Goddess of the Morning) had no time to be moved by the disasters and the fall of Troy and Hecuba, although she had supported their arms. A closer sorrow and a private grief torments the goddess, the loss of (her son), Memnon, whom she, his saffron-coloured mother, had seen being slain by Achilles' spear; she saw (it), and that colour, with which the time of the early morning is reddened, went pale, and the sky was covered in cloud. Now, his mother could not bear to look at his body, (which had been) placed on the top of the (funeral) fire, but, just as she was, with her hair dishevelled, she did not scorn to fall on her knees before mighty Jupiter, and she added these words to her tears:
"(I am) the least of all (those beings) whom the golden heavens sustain - for temples (dedicated) to me are the rarest in all the world - , yet I have come (as) a goddess, not that you may grant me sanctuaries, and sacrificial days, and altars due to be lit with fire; yet, if you consider how much I, (as) a woman, do for you at the time when I guard the borders of night at each new dawn, you might think I should be given some reward; but it is not my concern, nor (is it) my present purpose, to demand well-deserved honours for Aurora; I come (here), bereft of my (son), Memnon, who bore arms for his uncle (i.e. Priam), bravely (but) in vain, and was slain by the valiant Achilles - (for) so you willed (it to happen). Grant him, I beg (you), some (kind of) honour (as) a solace for his death, (O) great ruler of the gods, and lighten a mother's wounds!" Jupiter nodded in agreement, while Memnon's steep pyre collapsed in tall flames, and columns of black smoke darkened the light of day, just like when the Water-Nymph breathes out mist from the river, nor is the sunlight admitted from beneath (it); dark ash flies (upwards), and, gathering into a ball, it solidifies and takes shape, and draws heat and life from the fire - its own lightness gave (it) wings - and (something) like a bird at first, and then a real bird, it clapped its wings, (and) countless sisters, who had the same source of birth, made similar sounds. Three times they encircle the pyre, and three times their concordant clamour rises into the air, (but) on the fourth flight the flock divides; then, two fierce bands wage war from different sides, and cultivate their rage through their beaks and hooked talons, and they tire their wings and breasts in the struggle, and (at last) their bodies, kin to the buried ashes, fall as funeral offerings, and they remember that were sprung from a valiant warrior.
The source gives his name to these suddenly (created) birds: from him (they are) called the Memnonides (i.e. the birds sprung from Memnon's ashes, fated to re-enact annually the Trojan War as a ritual commemoration of Memnon) (and,) when the sun has passed through its twelve signs, they fight and prepare to die in the manner of their father.
So, (while) it seemed to others worthy of tears that the daughter of Dymas (i.e. Hecuba) was barking (like a dog), Aurora is intent on her own grief, and even now she sheds dutiful tears and distils dew on the whole world.
Ll. 623-629. Aeneas begins his wanderings.
Still, the fates do not permit the hopes of Troy also to be overthrown together with her walls: Cytherea's (i.e. Venus') heroic son (i.e. Aeneas) carries off on his shoulders her sacred (icons) and another sacred and venerable burden, (namely) his father (i.e. Anchises). He dutifully chooses that prize, and his (son) Ascanius from all of his riches, and from Antandros (i.e. a seaport in the Troad) he is carried over the sea in his fugitive fleet, and he quits the sinful thresholds of the Thracians, and its soil, drenched (as it is) in the blood of Polydorus, and, (with the help) of advantageous winds and a favourable tide, he comes with his company of friends to the city of Apollo (i.e. on the island of Delos).
Anius (i.e. son of Apollo and king of Delos), by whose rule the people were protected, and by whom, as chief priest Phoebus was duly worshipped, received him both in his temple and in his dwelling, and he showed (him) the city and the famous sanctuary, and the two tree-stumps clung to by Latona as she was giving birth (i.e. to Phoebus/ Apollo and Diana). After incense has been added to the flames, and wine poured on the incense, and the entrails of slaughtered oxen were burned in accordance with custom, they make for the royal palace, and, placed on high embroidered (couches), they receive the gifts of Ceres together with flowing wine.
Ll. 640-674. The transformation of Anius' daughters.
Then (says) pious Anchises: "O chosen priest of Phoebus, am I mistaken, or do I recall that you had a son and as many as four daughters, when I first saw this city of yours?"
Shaking his head, bound with its white (sacrificial) fillets, Anius says to him sadly: "You are not wrong, (O) mightiest of heroes; you saw (me), the father of five children, whom now you see almost bereft - such fickleness of fortune can disturb (all) men. For what help to me (is) my absent son (i.e. Andron), whom the land of Andros (i.e. an island in the Cyclades, south-east of Euboea) called by his name, has in place of his father, and who holds the place as his kingdom? The Delian (god) (i.e. Apollo) has given him (the power of) augury, (and) Liber (i.e. Bacchus) gave my female offspring other gifts, greater than (anything) they could pray for or hope to gain: for at my daughters' touch, everything was turned into corn and liquid wine and olive-oil, and there was rich profit in them. When the son of Atreus (i.e. Agamemnon), the ravager of Troy, learned of this - lest you may think that we also have felt no share at all in your (violent) storm - , (by) using force of arms, he snatches my unwilling (daughters) from their father's bosom, and orders that they should feed the Argive (i.e. Greek) fleet through their celestial gifts. They each flee to wherever they could: Euboea was sought by two daughters, and their brother's Andros by the other two. Troops land and threaten war, unless they are surrendered. Family affection (is) overcome by fear: (and) he gave up for punishment the persons of his kin; and you could forgive the fearful brother: (for) Aeneas (was) not there to defend Andros, nor was Hector, through whom you were to hold out until the tenth year. And now they were preparing the chains for the prisoners' arms: they, stretching forth their arms to the sky, (while they were) still free, cried out, 'Father Bacchus, bring (us) your help!' and the instigator of their gifts brought (them) help, if it can be called help to lose one's (human) form in some strange manner, nor could I discover by what means they lost (it), nor can I tell of (it) now; (but) the end of this misfortune I did observe: they took wing, and were changed into snow-white doves, the birds of your consort, (Anchises)."
Ll. 675-704. The cup of Alcon.
When they had completed the feast with these and other speeches, the left the table and sought sleep, and, when they rose at dawn, they went to the oracle of Phoebus, who bids (them) to seek their ancient mother and their ancestral shores; the king escorts (them) on their way and gives (them) gifts: to Anchises a sceptre, to Ascanius a cloak and a quiver; (and) to Aeneas a mixing-bowl, which Ismenian (i.e. Theban) Therses, a guest-friend, had once sent him from the Aonian (i.e. Boeotian) coast: Therses had sent it to him, (but) Alcon of Hyle had made (it), and had engraved (it) with a detailed story.
There was a city, and you could pick out its seven gates: these served to (give it) a name, and to tell you what that (place) was; in front of the city funeral rites and tombs, fires and funeral-pyres, and women with streaming hair and bared breasts depict mourning; nymphs are also seen weeping and lamenting their dried-up fountains: bare trees stand stiff and leafless, and goats nibble at the dry gravel.
Look, (here) in the middle of Thebes, he (i.e. Alcon) shows Orion's daughters (i.e. Menippe and Metioche), one giving a wound, not suitable for a woman, to her bared throat, (and) the other stabbing a weapon into her valiant breast, dying on behalf of their people, and (then) being borne through the city in a glorious funeral procession to be cremated among a throng of mourners. Then two youths, whom fame names (as) the Coroni, spring from the virgins' embers, so that their race should not perish, and lead the procession (which is owed) to their mothers' ashes. Such (was) the bronze (bowl) with its gleaming figures, (while) the rim of the mixing-bowl was engraved with golden acanthus(-leaves).
Ll. 705-737. Aeneas' journey to Sicily.
Thence, remembering that (they,) the Teucrians (i.e. Trojans) derived originally from the blood of Teucer (i.e. an early king of Troy who had come from Crete), they made for Crete, but unable to endure Jupiter's (plague), they leave the (land of) a hundred cities and desire to reach the harbours of Ausonia (i.e. Italy); the wintry storms rage and toss the heroes (around on the surface of the sea), and, having found refuge in the treacherous harbours of the Strophades (i.e. two small islands in the Ionian sea), the harpy Aëllo frightened (them). And now they were carried past the harbours of Dulichium, and Same (i.e. both small islands in the Ionian sea near Ithaca), and the houses of Neritos (i.e. a mountainous island near Ithaca), and Ithaca, the kingdom of the crafty Ulysses: they see Ambracia (i.e. a city in Epirus), (once) fought over by the strife of the gods, beneath the image of the judge turned to stone, (and) which is now renowned for its Apollo of Actium (i.e. a promontory in Epirus, with a temple dedicated to Apollo), and the land of Dodona (i.e. the town in Epirus which was the site of an oracle of Jupiter), which speaks through its oaks, and the harbours of Chaonia (i.e. a region of Epirus), where the sons of the king of the Molossus (i.e. Munichus) escaped the impious flames on the wings (which were) attached (to them).
Next, they head for the country of the Phaeacians (i.e. the island of Scheria, possibly Corfu), planted with rich orchards, (and) they make for Buthrotos in Epirus, (a city) similar to Troy, and ruled by the Phrygian seer (i.e. Helenus).
Thence, assured of (things) to come, all of which Priam's son, Helenus had predicted in his reliable prophecies, they enter Sicanian (i.e. Sicilian) waters: this land runs down to the sea in three tongues (i.e. promontories), of which Pachynos is turned towards the rainy south winds, Lilybaeum faces the soft western breezes, (and) Peloros looks to the Bears, free of the waves (as they are), and the north wind. Here the Teucrians come, and through its oars and a favourable tide, their fleet attains the beach of Zancle (i.e. Messina) at night: Scylla disturbs the right(-hand) coast (i.e. of the straits of Messina), and restless Charybdis the left(-hand one): the latter swallows, and (then) spews forth, the ships (she has) caught, (while) the former girds her dark belly with savage dogs. She has a maiden's face, and, if the poets' (tales) are not all abandoned (as) fiction, (she), too, (was) once a maiden: many suitors wooed her, but she rejected them, and went to the sea-nymphs - (for) she was loved by the sea-nymphs - , and told (them) of the thwarted desires of these young men.
Ll. 738-788. Acis and Galatea.
Once, while Galatea proffers her hair to be combed, she addresses the following words to her (i.e. Scylla), while repeatedly letting out sighs: "Yet, O maiden, no relentless breed of men is wooing you, and you can reject them, as you are doing, with impunity; but I, whose father is Nereus, (and) to whom the dark-blue Doris gave birth, though I am guarded by a crowd of sisters, am not allowed to escape the love of the Cyclops (i.e. Polyphemus), other than through grief," and tears obstructed the sound of her voice. When the maiden (i.e. Scylla) had wiped these away with her marble(-white) thumb, and had comforted the goddess, she said, "Do tell (me), O dearest (one), and do not hide the cause of your grief - for I am thus worthy of your trust!" The daughter of Nereus (i.e. Galatea) spoke these words to the daughter of Crateis (i.e. Scylla) in reply: "Acis was the son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, a great (source of) pleasure to both his father and mother, but even more (so) to me; for he united himself to me alone. (He was) handsome, and, having passed his sixteenth birthday, he had marked his cheeks with a faint down. I (sought) him, (while) the Cyclops (i.e. Polyphemus) endlessly sought me. Nor, if you were to ask, could I say (whether) hatred of him or love of Acis was the stronger (emotion) in me: both were equally (strong). O kindly Venus, how powerful is your rule (over us)! Surely that savage (being), dreaded by the very trees of the forest and who has never been seen by a stranger without punishment, and who scorns mighty Olympus and its gods, (now) feels what love is, and, overcome by his strong desire, he burns (with passion), and forgets his flocks and his caves. And now, Polyphemus, you have a care for your appearance, and now (you are anxious) to please, now you comb your bristling hair with a mattock, now you are pleased to cut your shaggy beard with a sickle, and to gaze at your face in the water, and to compose (your expression). Your love of slaughter, your ferocity, and your gigantic thirst for blood, subside, and the ships come and go in safety.
"Meanwhile, Telemus (i.e. the seer) came to Sicilian (Mount) Aetna, Telemus, the son of Eurymus, whom no (flight of) birds could deceive, approaches the terrible Polyphemus, and said, 'Ulysses will take from you that single eye which you have in the middle of your forehead.' He laughed, and said, 'O (you) most foolish of seers, you are wrong, (for) another (person, a girl,) has already taken (it).' So, he spurns (the one) warning (him) in vain of the truth, and he either weighs down the shore by his giant tread, or he returns wearily to his dark cave.
"A wedge-shaped hill, with a long spur, juts out into the ocean - the waves of the sea flow around (it) on both sides: the fierce Cyclops climbed up it, and sat in the middle (of its highest point); his woolly flock, no longer guided (by him), followed. When he had laid at his feet (the trunk of) a pine-tree, which served (him) in the function of a staff, (although it was) fit to bear the rigging of a ship, and he had taken up his panpipes composed of a hundred reeds, the whole mountain felt his pastoral piping sounds, (and) the waves felt (them too), I, hidden by a rock, was lying on the bosom of my (dear) Acis, (and although I was) afar off, I caught the following words in my ears, and, having heard (them), I kept (them) in my mind:
Ll. 789-869. The song of Polyphemus.
" 'Galatea, (you are) whiter than the petals of the snowy privet, more flowery than the meadows, taller than a slim alder, brighter than crystal, friskier than a tender kid, smoother than shells (that are) polished by the constant tide, more welcome than the sun in winter (or) the summer shade, fleeter than a hind, more conspicuous than a tall plane-tree, more sparkling than ice, sweeter than a ripe grape, softer than the plumes of a swan and curdled milk, and, if you do not flee, more lovely than a well-watered garden.
" '(But) the same Galatea (is) wilder than untamed bullocks, harder than seasoned oak, trickier than the waves, more pliant than willow-twigs and white vine-branches, steadier than these rocks, more turbulent than a river, prouder than the much vaunted peacock, fiercer than fire, more prickly than star thistles, more ferocious than a pregnant bear, deafer than the waves, crueller than a trampled snake, and, (something) which I especially wish I could take away from you, (you are) not only (swifter) than a deer, driven by loud barking, but (you are) even swifter than the wind and the fleeting breeze!
" 'But, if you knew me well, you would regret your fleeing (from me), and you, yourself, would condemn your sojourns, and strive to hold on to me. I (now) hold part of this mountain, overhung by natural rock, (and) the caves, in which the sun is not felt in the midst of summer, nor (is) the winter felt (either); there are apples that weigh down the branches, there are grapes (that shine) like gold (i.e. white grapes) on their trailing vines, and there are purple (ones too): both the former and the latter I am keeping for you. With your own hands, you will pick soft strawberries, and autumn cherries, and plums, not only those which are blackened by their dark juice, but also the larger (ones) which imitate (the colour of) fresh wax (i.e. yellow), nor, with me as your mate, will you lack chestnuts or the fruit of the wild strawberry tree: every tree will (be there to) serve you.
" 'The whole of this flock belongs to me, and many (sheep) are roaming the valleys too; the woods are hiding many (of them), (and) many are penned in the caves, and, if you happened to ask (me), I could not tell you how many there are: it is the (mark) of a poor (man) to count his flock; concerning their quality, you do not have to believe me at all: being here, you can see (for) yourself how they can hardly move their legs, because of their swollen udders. There are in the sheep-folds the lambs of a younger brood. There are kids, too, of equal age in other folds. I always have (plenty of) snow-white milk: some of this is kept to be drunk, (and) the liquid rennet (i.e. a coagulant) hardens some (into curds).
" 'You will not have easily-won pets, or (what are) merely vulgar gifts, (such as) does, hares and goats, or a pair of doves, or a nest taken from the top of a tree: (but) on the top of the mountain, I have found the twin cubs of a shaggy bear, which can play with you, (so) alike one another that you cannot tell (them) apart: I found (them), and I said, 'I shall keep these for my mistress.'
" 'Now, Galatea, just stretch forth your shining head from the dark-blue sea, and, come, do not scorn my gifts! I know myself at least, for recently I saw my appearance in the mirror of some clear water, and it pleased me to see (it). Look, how large I am! Jupiter, (up there) in the sky - for you are used to telling (me) that some Jupiter or other rules (there) - has no bigger body than this (one of mine); plentiful hair hangs down over my grim features, and cloaks my shoulders like a grove (of trees); do not think (it) shameful that my thickest of bodies stands stiff with wiry bristles: a tree without leaves (is) shameful, and a horse (is) shameful, unless a mane covers his golden neck; a beard and hairy bristles befit the body of a man. I have (only) one eye in the middle of my forehead, but (it has) the likeness of a huge shield. Well? Does not the mighty Sol (i.e the Sun) see all this from the heavens? Yet, Sol (has but) one orbit.
" '(But) the same Galatea (is) wilder than untamed bullocks, harder than seasoned oak, trickier than the waves, more pliant than willow-twigs and white vine-branches, steadier than these rocks, more turbulent than a river, prouder than the much vaunted peacock, fiercer than fire, more prickly than star thistles, more ferocious than a pregnant bear, deafer than the waves, crueller than a trampled snake, and, (something) which I especially wish I could take away from you, (you are) not only (swifter) than a deer, driven by loud barking, but (you are) even swifter than the wind and the fleeting breeze!
" 'But, if you knew me well, you would regret your fleeing (from me), and you, yourself, would condemn your sojourns, and strive to hold on to me. I (now) hold part of this mountain, overhung by natural rock, (and) the caves, in which the sun is not felt in the midst of summer, nor (is) the winter felt (either); there are apples that weigh down the branches, there are grapes (that shine) like gold (i.e. white grapes) on their trailing vines, and there are purple (ones too): both the former and the latter I am keeping for you. With your own hands, you will pick soft strawberries, and autumn cherries, and plums, not only those which are blackened by their dark juice, but also the larger (ones) which imitate (the colour of) fresh wax (i.e. yellow), nor, with me as your mate, will you lack chestnuts or the fruit of the wild strawberry tree: every tree will (be there to) serve you.
" 'The whole of this flock belongs to me, and many (sheep) are roaming the valleys too; the woods are hiding many (of them), (and) many are penned in the caves, and, if you happened to ask (me), I could not tell you how many there are: it is the (mark) of a poor (man) to count his flock; concerning their quality, you do not have to believe me at all: being here, you can see (for) yourself how they can hardly move their legs, because of their swollen udders. There are in the sheep-folds the lambs of a younger brood. There are kids, too, of equal age in other folds. I always have (plenty of) snow-white milk: some of this is kept to be drunk, (and) the liquid rennet (i.e. a coagulant) hardens some (into curds).
" 'You will not have easily-won pets, or (what are) merely vulgar gifts, (such as) does, hares and goats, or a pair of doves, or a nest taken from the top of a tree: (but) on the top of the mountain, I have found the twin cubs of a shaggy bear, which can play with you, (so) alike one another that you cannot tell (them) apart: I found (them), and I said, 'I shall keep these for my mistress.'
" 'Now, Galatea, just stretch forth your shining head from the dark-blue sea, and, come, do not scorn my gifts! I know myself at least, for recently I saw my appearance in the mirror of some clear water, and it pleased me to see (it). Look, how large I am! Jupiter, (up there) in the sky - for you are used to telling (me) that some Jupiter or other rules (there) - has no bigger body than this (one of mine); plentiful hair hangs down over my grim features, and cloaks my shoulders like a grove (of trees); do not think (it) shameful that my thickest of bodies stands stiff with wiry bristles: a tree without leaves (is) shameful, and a horse (is) shameful, unless a mane covers his golden neck; a beard and hairy bristles befit the body of a man. I have (only) one eye in the middle of my forehead, but (it has) the likeness of a huge shield. Well? Does not the mighty Sol (i.e the Sun) see all this from the heavens? Yet, Sol (has but) one orbit.
" 'Add (to that) that my father (i.e. Neptune) holds sway in your waters; I give you him as a father-in-law; only take pity (on me), and listen to the prayers of a suppliant! For I, who scorns Jupiter and his heaven, and his piercing thunderbolt, will submit to you alone: I fear you, daughter of Nereus (i.e. a sea-nymph), (for) your anger is fiercer than lightning. And I should be more tolerant of this contempt of yours, if you were to shun everyone; but why, having rejected a Cyclops, do you love Acis and prefer Acis to my embraces? Yet, he is pleased with himself, and, (something) that I do not want, he is allowed to please you (too), Galatea; may the opportunity just be given (to me), (and) he will know that I have strength as great as my body! I shall tear out his living entrails, and I shall divide up his limbs and scatter (them) over the fields and across those waves of yours - thus let him join you! For I am on fire, and, (as I am) wounded, a fiercer flame is boiling up, and I seem to be bearing (Mount) Aetna, transported with (all) his strength, on my breast: but you, Galatea, are unmoved.'
Ll. 870-897. Acis is turned into a river-god.
"Having made such fruitless laments, he (i.e. Polyphemus) arises, and, as a bull, furious that his cow has been taken from (him), cannot stand (still), he wanders through the woods and his familiar pastures: when, in his wildness, he sees me and Acis, unaware and not fearing any such (thing), he cries out, 'I see (you), and I shall make sure that this is the last union of your love!' That voice (of his) was as loud as an angry Cyclops should have: (Mount) Aetna shook with the noise. And, terrified, I immerse myself under the nearby waters; the heroic son of Symaethis (i.e. Acis) had turned his back in flight, and cried, 'Bring me help, Galatea, I beg (you)! Parents (i.e. Faunus and Symaethis), (please) help me, and admit me to your kingdom as I am about to die!'
"The Cyclops pursues (him), and hurls (at him) a piece (of rock that he had) wrenched from the mountain, and, although (only) the farthest corner of the rock reached him, yet it buried Acis completely. Then, I arranged the only (thing) which the fates allowed (me) to do, (that is) that Acis should assume his ancestral powers. Crimson blood trickled from the rock, and within a very short time its redness begins to fade, and it becomes the colour of a river, at first swollen by rain, and (then) cleansed after a time; then, the rock (that had been) hurled cracks open, and through the fissure springs a live tall reed, and the mouth of the cavity in the rock echoes with leaping waters: then - a wonderful thing - suddenly a youth emerged up to the middle of his stomach, his fresh horns wreathed around with rushes, and he was Acis, except that he was larger, and that all of his face was dark-blue. But, even so, it was still Acis, changed into a river (god), and the river has kept his former name (i.e. there was a river in Sicily called the Acis)."
Ll. 898-968. Glaucus tells Scylla of his transformation.
Galatea had ceased to speak, and, their meeting having come to an end, the daughters of Nereus depart, and swim (away) through the calm waves. (But) Scylla returns (to the beach); for she does not dare to entrust herself to the middle of the ocean, and she either wanders naked over the parched sand, or, when she is tired, she finds the remote retreat of a pool and cools her limbs in its enclosed waters.
Look, there is Glaucus, skimming the waves, a fresh inhabitant of the deep sea, his body having been recently altered at Anthedon (i.e. a town in Boeotia) in the Euboean (gulf), and he lingers, due to his desire for the girl he has (just) seen (i.e. Scylla), and he says whatever words he thinks could stop (her) from running away; but still she flees, and, with the swiftness that comes from fear, she reaches the top of the mountain which stands close to the shore. It faces the deep sea, and is compressed into a single peak and its wooded summit slopes down far out over the waters: here she stops, (feeling) safe in this place, and, not knowing (whether) he is a monster or a god, she marvels at his colour and the hair that covers his shoulders and his back below (them), and the bottom of his groin which resembles (that) of a coiled fish.
"Having made such fruitless laments, he (i.e. Polyphemus) arises, and, as a bull, furious that his cow has been taken from (him), cannot stand (still), he wanders through the woods and his familiar pastures: when, in his wildness, he sees me and Acis, unaware and not fearing any such (thing), he cries out, 'I see (you), and I shall make sure that this is the last union of your love!' That voice (of his) was as loud as an angry Cyclops should have: (Mount) Aetna shook with the noise. And, terrified, I immerse myself under the nearby waters; the heroic son of Symaethis (i.e. Acis) had turned his back in flight, and cried, 'Bring me help, Galatea, I beg (you)! Parents (i.e. Faunus and Symaethis), (please) help me, and admit me to your kingdom as I am about to die!'
"The Cyclops pursues (him), and hurls (at him) a piece (of rock that he had) wrenched from the mountain, and, although (only) the farthest corner of the rock reached him, yet it buried Acis completely. Then, I arranged the only (thing) which the fates allowed (me) to do, (that is) that Acis should assume his ancestral powers. Crimson blood trickled from the rock, and within a very short time its redness begins to fade, and it becomes the colour of a river, at first swollen by rain, and (then) cleansed after a time; then, the rock (that had been) hurled cracks open, and through the fissure springs a live tall reed, and the mouth of the cavity in the rock echoes with leaping waters: then - a wonderful thing - suddenly a youth emerged up to the middle of his stomach, his fresh horns wreathed around with rushes, and he was Acis, except that he was larger, and that all of his face was dark-blue. But, even so, it was still Acis, changed into a river (god), and the river has kept his former name (i.e. there was a river in Sicily called the Acis)."
Ll. 898-968. Glaucus tells Scylla of his transformation.
Galatea had ceased to speak, and, their meeting having come to an end, the daughters of Nereus depart, and swim (away) through the calm waves. (But) Scylla returns (to the beach); for she does not dare to entrust herself to the middle of the ocean, and she either wanders naked over the parched sand, or, when she is tired, she finds the remote retreat of a pool and cools her limbs in its enclosed waters.
Look, there is Glaucus, skimming the waves, a fresh inhabitant of the deep sea, his body having been recently altered at Anthedon (i.e. a town in Boeotia) in the Euboean (gulf), and he lingers, due to his desire for the girl he has (just) seen (i.e. Scylla), and he says whatever words he thinks could stop (her) from running away; but still she flees, and, with the swiftness that comes from fear, she reaches the top of the mountain which stands close to the shore. It faces the deep sea, and is compressed into a single peak and its wooded summit slopes down far out over the waters: here she stops, (feeling) safe in this place, and, not knowing (whether) he is a monster or a god, she marvels at his colour and the hair that covers his shoulders and his back below (them), and the bottom of his groin which resembles (that) of a coiled fish.
He saw (her), and leaning on a rock which stood nearby, he says, "Girl, I am not a monster or a wild beast, but a god of the sea: Proteus, and Triton, and Palaemon, the son of Athamas (i.e. other deities of the sea), have no greater authority in the sea (than I have). Yet, in the past, I was a mortal, but, destined no doubt for the deep seas, even then I was busying myself in them; for, at one moment, I was drawing in nets full of fish, and, at another, I (was) sitting on a rock, and casting my line from a fishing rod. There is a green meadow adjoining a beach, of which one side is enclosed by the sea, and the other side by grass, which horned cattle have not damaged by grazing, nor have you, placid sheep or shaggy goats, cropped (it); no bee, intent on gathering (pollen from) the flowers, has plundered (it), no nuptial garlands have been placed upon (anyone's) head, and no scythe-carrying hands have ever cut (it); I was the first to sit on that turf, while drying my wet fishing-lines, and, in order to count (them), I laid out in a line on top of (it) the fish (I had) caught, which either chance (had pushed) into my nets, or their innocence had driven on to my barbed hooks. This story (sounds) like something fictional, but what would I gain from inventing (it)? While touching the grass, my catch begins to stir and shift their sides, and to behave on land as if (they were) in the sea. While I hesitate and wonder at the same time, the whole shoal flees into their native waters, and they abandon their new master and shore.
"I was dumbfounded and in doubt for a while, and I search for an explanation: whether some god had done it, or the juice of some herb! 'Yet, what herb has got such power?' I say, and I gathered some plant in my hand and bit (what I) had gathered with my teeth. Well, scarcely had my throat swallowed the unknown sap, when I suddenly felt my heart trembling inside (me), and my breast was seized with yearning for that other natural element (i.e. the sea); I could not hold out for long, and I said, 'Land, which I shall never seek again, farewell!' and I sunk my body in the sea. The gods of the sea welcome (me), and consider (me) worthy of the honour of their company, and they ask Oceanus and Tethys to take from me whatever mortal (aspects) I might (still) bear: I am purified by them, and after a spell, which purges me of my guilt, is repeated over me nine times, I am commanded to bathe my body in a hundred rivers; at once, streams flow from different directions, and all their waters are poured over my head. So much I can tell you of these marvellous events; thus far I can remember them, but my mind does not know anything else. When it (i.e. his mind) came back (to me), my whole body was different from what I had recently been, and I did not regain the same (things) in my mind. Then, I saw for the first time this dark green beard, and my hair which I sweep across the wide sea, and these huge shoulders and dark-blue arms, and legs that coil like the fins of a fish at their extremity. But what of this shape (of mine), what is the use of it pleasing the sea-gods, what is the use (of me) being a god, if you are not attracted by these (things)?"
While he (i.e. Glaucus) is saying these things, and is about to say more, Scylla leaves the god; he is enraged, and, provoked by her rejection (of him), he seeks the portentous halls of Circe, the descendant of Titans (i.e. she was the daughter of Sol, and the granddaughter of Oceanus).
"I was dumbfounded and in doubt for a while, and I search for an explanation: whether some god had done it, or the juice of some herb! 'Yet, what herb has got such power?' I say, and I gathered some plant in my hand and bit (what I) had gathered with my teeth. Well, scarcely had my throat swallowed the unknown sap, when I suddenly felt my heart trembling inside (me), and my breast was seized with yearning for that other natural element (i.e. the sea); I could not hold out for long, and I said, 'Land, which I shall never seek again, farewell!' and I sunk my body in the sea. The gods of the sea welcome (me), and consider (me) worthy of the honour of their company, and they ask Oceanus and Tethys to take from me whatever mortal (aspects) I might (still) bear: I am purified by them, and after a spell, which purges me of my guilt, is repeated over me nine times, I am commanded to bathe my body in a hundred rivers; at once, streams flow from different directions, and all their waters are poured over my head. So much I can tell you of these marvellous events; thus far I can remember them, but my mind does not know anything else. When it (i.e. his mind) came back (to me), my whole body was different from what I had recently been, and I did not regain the same (things) in my mind. Then, I saw for the first time this dark green beard, and my hair which I sweep across the wide sea, and these huge shoulders and dark-blue arms, and legs that coil like the fins of a fish at their extremity. But what of this shape (of mine), what is the use of it pleasing the sea-gods, what is the use (of me) being a god, if you are not attracted by these (things)?"
While he (i.e. Glaucus) is saying these things, and is about to say more, Scylla leaves the god; he is enraged, and, provoked by her rejection (of him), he seeks the portentous halls of Circe, the descendant of Titans (i.e. she was the daughter of Sol, and the granddaughter of Oceanus).
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