HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XV: THE RETURN OF THE PRINCE

HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XV: THE RETURN OF THE PRINCE.

Introduction: 

Book XV takes us back to the middle of Book IV and the visit of Telemachus to Menelaus and Helen at Sparta. Here the goddess Athena tells Telemachus that he must return to Ithaca, and advises him how to avoid the suitors' ambush. He is sent off with plenty of gifts and kind words from both Menelaus and his wife, and after he has experienced a favourable omen. He returns to Pylos together with his friend Peisistratus and there he rejoins his ship. Just before leaving, he is approached by a fugitive prophet, named Theoclymenus, who begs him to to take him aboard, which he agrees to do, and they then set off. Meanwhile, the scene reverts to Ithaca. Odysseus, in the guise of a beggar, offers to leave Eumaeus' hut, but is persuaded to remain there. When he asks about Eumaeus' parents, he is entertained by a long account of his personal background and how he came to be a slave of Laertes on Ithaca. Towards the of the Book, Telemachus arrives safely back at Ithaca, disbands his crew, and arranges for his friend Peiraeus to accommodate Theoclymenus. 

Book XV is remarkable for two long excursuses: the very detailed account of Theoclymenus' lineage, set out in ll. 222-264, and Eumaeus' life-story, delineated in ll. 380-484. 

Ll. 1-47. Athene visits Telemachus. 

Now, Pallas Athene went to spacious Lacedaemon to remind the brilliant son of great-hearted Odysseus of (the need to) return home, and to encourage his departure. She found Telemachus and the noble son of Nestor (i.e. Peisistratus) lying in the vestibule of glorious Menelaus. Now, Nestor's son  (was) overcome by soft sleep; but sweet sleep did not take hold of Telemachus, but anxious thoughts in his mind about his father kept (him) awake throughout the divine night.

And bright-eyed Athene stood near (him) and said: "Telemachus, (it is) no longer good (for you) to be wandering far from your home, and leaving behind your possessions and men of such arrogance in your house; take care lest they divide up and devour all your possessions, and you shall have gone on a fruitless journey. But urge Menelaus, good at the war-cry, to send you on your way with all speed, so that you may find your noble mother still in your house. For her father (i.e. Icarius) and her brothers are already pressing (her) to marry Eurymachus; for he surpasses all the suitors in his gifts and has greatly increased the bride-price. Now (be careful) lest she bears away some possession from your house against your will. For you know what sort of spirit (there is) in a woman's breast; she is keen to enrich the house of the man who weds (her), but she no longer remembers or asks about her previous children and the dead husband she (once) loved. But do you go yourself and entrust each of (your possessions) to whichever one of your maidservants seems to you to be the best, until the gods have granted you a worthy bride. And something else I shall tell you, and do you keep it in your mind. The suitors' ringleaders are purposefully lying in wait (for you) in the strait between Ithaca and rugged Same (i.e. today's Cephallenia). (They are) intent on murdering (you) before you reach your native-land. But I do not think this (will happen); before that, earth will cover some of the suitors who are consuming your livelihood. But do keep your well-built ship far from the islands, and sail by night as well as (by day); one of the immortals who both guards and protects you will send you a breeze from behind. But, when you have come to the first headland of Ithaca, send your ship and all your comrades to the city, but go yourself first of all to the swineherd (i.e. Eumaeus) who (is) the guardian of your swine, and is equally well-disposed towards you. Sleep there for the night, but send him into the city to tell the news to wise Penelope, that you are safe and sound, and are back from Pylos."    

So saying, she departed to high Olympus, but he (i.e. Telemachus) woke the son of Nestor out of his sweet sleep, stirring (him) with the heel of his foot, and he spoke these words to him: "Wake up, Peisistratus, son of Nestor, (and) bring up the whole-hoofed horses (and) yoke (them) beneath the chariot, so that we may go on our way."

Ll. 48-91. Menelaus offers gifts to Telemachus.   

Then, Peisistratus, the son of Nestor, said to him in turn in reply: "Telemachus, it is in no way possible for us, despite our eagerness for the journey, to drive through the darkness of the night; and soon it will be dawn. But wait until the warrior son of Atreus, the famous spearman Menelaus, has brought his gifts and put (them) in our carriage, and sends us on our way with gentle words of encouragement. For a guest remembers such a man all his days, the hospitable host, who has shown (him) kindness. 

So he spoke, and at once came golden-throned Dawn. Then, Menelaus, good at the war-cry, came near to them, having risen from his bed beside Helen of the lovely tresses. And so, when the hero Telemachus, the dear son of Odysseus saw him, he hastily drew his shining tunic over his body and flung a great cloak over his sturdy shoulders and went outside, and the dear son of godlike Odysseus, came up (to Menelaus) and addressed (him, saying): "Menelaus, son of Atreus, fostered by Zeus, leader of hosts, please now send me away to my dear native-land; for my heart is now wishing to return home." 

Then, Menelaus, good at the war-cry, replied to him:" Telemachus, I shall certainly not hold you here for a long time, when you are keen to return home; I disapprove of any host who either regards (his guests) with too much affection, or who treats (them) with too much indifference; (it is) better that everything (should be) in a state of balance. It is equally wrong, let me tell you, to send on his way a guest who does not wish to go, and to detain (one), who is eager (to do so). One should be kind to a guest who is present, but let him go when he wants to.   

"But stay until I bring (you) gifts and put (them) in your carriage, and you have beheld (them) with your own eyes, and I have bid the women to make a meal in my house from the abundant stores that are within. (It is) both an honour and a glory, as well as an advantage, (for a traveller) to dine before he goes forth over the wide and boundless earth. And, if you would like to tour all through Hellas (i.e. northern Greece) and mid-Argos (i.e. southern Greece and the Peloponnese), then I, myself, will follow you, and I will harness your horses and lead you to the cities of men. Nor will anyone send us away as we are, but they will give (us) one thing at least to take (with us), either some fine bronze tripod or cauldron, or a pair of mules or a golden cup."    

Then, wise Telemachus said to him again in reply: "Menelaus, son of Atreus, fostered by Zeus, leader of hosts, now I do want to return to our (house); for, when I left, I did not leave behind (me anyone) to watch over my property; in looking for my godlike father, I do not want to die myself, nor that some valuable heirloom should go missing from my house."   

Ll. 92-129. Gifts from Menelaus and Helen.

Now, when Menelaus, good at the war-cry, heard this, the he at once told his wife and her maidservants to prepare a meal in the hall from the plentiful (supplies) that were within (his palace). Then, Eteoneus, son of Boethus, came near (to him), having (just) risen from his bed, since he lived not far from him; Menelaus, good at the war-cry, told him to light the fire and roast some meat, and he heard and did not disobey. He, himself, went down to his fragrant storeroom, not alone, for with him went Helen and Megapenthes. But, when they came (to the place) where he stored his treasures, the the son of Atreus took a two-handled goblet and told his son Megapenthes to carry a silver mixing-bowl. And Helen stood beside the chests where were her richly embroidered robes, which she herself had wrought. One of these Helen, the most divine of women, lifted out and took away, (the one) that was the fairest in its embroideries and the amplest, and it shone like a star; and it was lying beneath (all) the rest. Then, they went their way forth through the house, until thy came to Telemachus; then auburn-haired Menelaus said to him: "Telemachus, may loud-thundering Zeus, the husband of Hera, indeed bring about your homecoming, even as you desire (it) in your heart. And of the gifts that lie (as) treasures in my house, I will give (you the one) which is the fairest and the most valuable. I will give you a well-wrought mixing-bowl; and it is all (made) of silver, and the rims on (it) are gilded with gold, and it is the work of Hephaestus (i.e. the God of Craftsmanship); and the warrior Phaedimus, king of the Sidonians, gave it (to me), when his house sheltered me when I went there; and now I wish to give it to you."    

So saying, the warrior son of Atreus placed the two-handled goblet in his hand, and the sturdy Megapenthes the shining  silver mixing-bowl and set (it) before him; and Helen of the lovely cheeks stood by with the robe in her hands, and addressed these words to him by name: "I too give you this gift, dear child, a keepsake (made) by Helen's (own) hands, for your bride to wear on the day of your longed-for wedding; and until then let it lie in  your hall beside your dear mother. Now you may return, rejoicing with me, to your well-built house and your native-land." 

Ll. 130-178. Telemachus and Peisistratus leave Sparta.

So saying, she placed (it) in his hands, and he took (it) gladly. And the warrior Peisistratus took the (gifts) and put (them) in the luggage-rack, and gazed at (them) all, (marvelling) in his heart; now, the auburn-haired Menelaus led them to the house. Then, the two of them sat down on chairs and seats. And a handmaid brought water for their hands in a fine golden jug, and she poured (it) over a silver basin, so they could rinse their hands; then, she set down a polished table before (them). And the revered housewife brought some bread and set (it) down beside (them). And she set down many pieces of food, giving freely of her stores; and beside (her) the son of Boethus (i.e. Eteoneus) carved pieces of meat and served (them). And the son of glorious Menelaus (i.e. Megapenthes) poured out the wine. And they put out their hands to the good food lying ready before (them).  

But, when they had satisfied their desire for food and drink, then Telemachus and the noble son of Nestor yoked the horses and mounted their inlaid chariot, and drove out of the gateway and the resounding portico. And the son of Atreus, auburn-haired Menelaus, went after them, bearing in his right hand some honey-sweet wine in a golden cup, so that they might make a drink-offering as they left. And he stood before the horses, and with a gesture of his hand, he addressed (them as follows): "Farewell, (O) young men, and give my greetings to Nestor, shepherd of the host; for, in truth, he was kind (to me) like a father, while we, the sons of the Achaeans, were fighting in (the land of) Troy."

Then again, wise Telemachus addressed him in reply: "(O) favourite of Zeus, when we arrive, we will certainly tell (him) all the (things) that you say; for if, when I return to Ithaca, I were to find Odysseus in our house, I should tell (him) that I come, having met with all that kindness at your (hands), and, furthermore, I will be bringing many valuable treasures." 

Even as he was speaking, a bird flew by on the right, an eagle, bearing in his talons a huge white goose, a tame (fowl) from the farmyard, and men and women followed shouting; but the (eagle) came near to them, and darted off to the right in front of the horses; and they rejoiced to see (it), and the hearts in the chests of all (of them) were cheered. And among them Peisistratus, son of Nestor, was the first to speak: "Consider now, Menelaus, fostered by Zeus, leader of your people, whether (it was) for us two that the god showed this portent, or for yourself."

So he spoke, and Menelaus, dear to Ares, pondered (in his mind) how the signs should be rightly interpreted by him. But Helen of the long robes, getting ahead of him, spoke these words: "Hear me, and I shall prophesy as the immortals put (it) in my heart, and as I think it will turn out. Just as the (eagle) that snatched up the goose (that was) bred in the house came from the mountain (i.e. the Taÿgetus) where are his kin and his birthplace, so shall Odysseus return to his home after having suffered many hardships and wanderings, and shall take his revenge; or (he may be) at home even now, and sowing the seeds of disaster for all the suitors."

Ll. 179-221. The Return to Pylos.

Then again wise Telemachus spoke to her in reply: "Now may Zeus, the loud-thundering husband of Hera, make it happen thus; so then I shall pray to you there, even as to a god."

He spoke, and laid his whip on the horses; and they shot very speedily through the city, striving eagerly for the plain. And all day long they shook their yoke as they sustained (it) on both sides. And the sun set and all the roads grew dark; and they came to Pherae, to the house of Diocles, son of Ortilochus, whom Alpheus begat (as) a child. And there they spent the night, and he set before them the entertainments due to guests. 

As soon as rosy-fingered early Dawn appeared, they yoked the horses and mounted their inlaid chariot, and drove out of the gateway and the resounding portico; and he flicked his whip, and the pair sped on, not against their will. And they reached the steep citadel of Pylos, and then Telemachus addressed the son of Nestor: "Son of Nestor, can you undertake something for me and fulfil my request? Now we declare that we are friends through and through, due to our fathers' friendship, and we are, moreover, of a similar age. And this journey will bring us even closer (together) in our joint frame of mind. Do not lead me past my ship, (you) favourite of Zeus, but leave (me) here, lest the old man, wishing to be kind (to me), keeps me there in his house against my will. For I must reach home more quickly (than that would permit)."

So he spoke, and the son of Nestor took thought in his heart as to whether he could properly perform such an undertaking. But, as he pondered, it seemed to be the better (course). (So,) he turned the horses to the swift ship and the shore of the sea, and he unloaded the beautiful gifts, clothing and gold, which Menelaus had given him, and (stowed them) in the stern of the ship. And, by way of encouragement, he spoke these winged words to him: "Make haste now, go on board, and tell all your comrades (to do likewise) before I reach home and report to the old man. For I know this well in my mind and in my heart: his spirit (is) so overbearing that he will not let you go, but he himself will come here to summon (you), and, I tell (you), he will not go back empty-handed; for, at all events, he will be very angry." 

So saying, he drove his horses with their beautiful manes back to the city of the Pylians, and he quickly arrived at the palace. And Telemachus urged on his companions and told (them): "Set all the gear in order in the black ship, comrades, and let us go on board ourselves, so we may embark on our journey."  

So he spoke, and they readily hearkened and obeyed, and at once they went on board and sat down on the benches. 

Ll. 222-264. Theoclymenus the seer.   

Now indeed, he was engaged on his (tasks), and was praying and offering sacrifices to Athene by the stern of the ship; then, a man from a far country drew near to him, (one who was) fleeing from Argos, (because he had) slain a man, (and he was) a seer; now by lineage he was sprung from Melampus, who had previously once lived in Pylos, the mother of flocks, a wealthy (man) dwelling in a very fine house among the Pylians; but then he came to a land of other (men), fleeing from his native-land and great-hearted Neleus, the most illustrious of living (men), who had taken control of his rich estate and kept it by force for a year. During this time he had been bound in grievous bonds in the halls of Phylace (i.e. a city in Thessaly), on account of the daughter of Neleus (i.e. Pero) and the terrible infatuation, which the frightful goddess Erinys (i.e. one of the Furies) had laid on his mind. But he escaped his fate and drove the loud-lowing cattle (i.e. the cattle of Iphiclus, king of Phylace, which Neleus had demanded as the bride-price for Pero, and which Melampus had stolen in order to win Pero for his brother Bias) to Pylos from Phylace, and took his revenge on godlike Neleus for his shameful deed (i.e. of seizing Melampus' estate in Pylos while he was imprisoned in Phylace by Iphiclus), and brought (the maiden) to his home (as) a wife for his brother. Then, he went to the land of other (men), to horse-rearing Argos; for there it was now destined for him to dwell, holding sway over many Argives, and there he married a wife and built a high-roofed mansion, and he begat two sturdy sons, Antiphates and Mantius. Now, Mantius engendered great-hearted Oïcles, and Oïcles Amphiaraus, rouser of the host, whom aegis-bearing Zeus and Apollo heartily loved with every kind of affection; but he did not reach the threshold of old-age, but died in Thebes on account of a woman's gifts (i.e. he was killed during the war of the Seven Against Thebes, in which had become involved at the instigation of his wife Eriphyle, whom Polyneices had successfully bribed by offering her the necklace of Harmonia). And Alcmaeon and Amphilochus were born as his sons. Now, Mantius begat Polypheides and Cleitus; but golden-throned Dawn carried off Cleitus, on account of his beauty, so he could be with the immortals; but Apollo made the high-spirited Polypheides by far the best seer among mortals, when Amphiaraus was dead; having quarelled with his father, he migrated to Hyperesia, where he lived and prophesied to all men. Now it was his son, Theoclymenus by name, who came and stood beside Telemachus; and (there) he found him pouring libations and praying at the side of his swift black ship, and he spoke to him, addressing (him) with these winged words: "O my friend, since I find you making burnt offerings in this place, I beg (you), by those sacrifices and the god (you are worshipping), and then by your own life and (the lives) of the companions who are following you, tell me truly what I ask and do not hide (it from me). Who (are you) among men, (and) from where (do you come)? Where (is) your city, and (who are) your parents?"

Ll. 265-300. Telemachus sails for home.

Then, wise Telemachus said to him in reply: "Stranger, I shall indeed tell you the full truth. I am from Ithaca by birth, and my father is Odysseus, if ever he existed; but now has he perished by a mournful death. For this reason I have now taken my comrades and this black ship, and have come to seek news of my father, (who has been) gone for so long." 

Then, godlike Theoclymenus spoke to him again: "Like you I too (have gone) from my native-country having killed a man of my own tribe; (there are) many brothers and kinsmen (of his) in horse-rearing Argos, and mighty is their power in (the land of) the Achaeans. I am fleeing to escape death and black fate at their (hands), since (it is) now my lot to wander around among men. But please take me on board your ship, since in my flight I am entreating (you) as a suppliant, lest they should slay me; for I think they are pursuing me." 

Then, wise Telemachus said to him in reply: "I shall not banish you from my shapely ship, if you wish (to come with us), but follow: for there you will be welcome to the entertainments, such as we have."

So saying, he took his bronze spear for him and laid it on the deck of his curved ship; and he himself went aboard his sea-going vessel. Then, he sat down in the stern, and he sat Theoclymenus down beside him; and the crew loosened the stern(-cables). And Telemachus urged on his men and told (them) to  fasten the ropes; and they hastily obeyed (him). And they raised the pine-wood mast and stood it inside the socket in the cross-beam, and made it fast with forestays (i.e. ropes stretching between the top of the mast and the prow), and they hoisted the white sail with well-twisted thongs of ox-hide (i.e. halyards, stretching form just below the top of the mast to a point near the stern). And bright-eyed Athene sent them a favourable wind rushing on boisterously across the sky, so that their ship might most speedily accomplish her journey over the salt water of the sea. And they sailed past Crouni and Chalcis (i.e. some springs and a stream in the western Peloponnese just south of the River Alpheus) with its beautifully flowing streams.  

Then, the  sun set and all the ways grew dark; and the (ship) made for Pheae (i.e. a cape on the coast of Southern Elis), sped on by a wind of Zeus, and on past goodly Elis (i.e. a district in the North-West of the Peloponnese) where the Epeans are the rulers. And from there he made for the Sharp Islands (location unknown), pondering (in his mind) whether he should escape death (i.e. at the hands of the suitors) or be taken.

Ll. 301-339. Odysseus plans to go to the town.

But the two of them, Odysseus and the goodly swineherd (i.e. Eumaeus), were eating their supper; and the other men supped with them. But, when they had put from (them) the desire for food and drink, Odysseus spoke among them, testing the swineherd (to see) whether he would still entertain him in a kindly manner, and bid (him) remain there, or pack (him) off to the city: "Now, listen to me, Eumaeus, and all (you) other fellows; in the morning I am longing to go from here to the city to beg, so that I do not exhaust you and your men. But give me good advice, and, at the same time give (me) a trusty guide, who can lead me there. But I, myself, will have to wander through the city, (to see) if someone may offer (me) a cup (of water) and (a piece of) bread. And I would like to go the palace of godlike Odysseus and give my news to wise Penelope, and I would mingle with the insolent suitors, (to see) if they would give me a meal, since they have good cheer in abundance. (And while) among them, I could quickly do well whatevcr (tasks) they wanted. For I tell you, and do you give heed and listen to me! By the favour of Hermes the Messenger, who lends grace and renown to the work of all men, no other mortal can vie with me in service, in properly piling up a fire, and splitting logs, and in cutting up and roasting meat, and pouring wine, and such (tasks), as in which humbler (men) serve their betters."   

Then (O) swineherd Eumaeus, (you were) very indignant and said to him, "O my, stranger, why has such a thought come into your mind? In truth, you must be utterly longing to perish there on the spot, if you really wish to join the throng of wooers, whose wantonness and violence reach the iron heaven. Their serving men are not (of a kind) such as you (are), but (those) who serve them (are) young (men), well clad in cloaks and tunics, and their hair and their handsome faces (are) always gleaming with oil; and their well-polished tables are laden with bread and meat and wine. But stay (here); for no one is distressed by your presence, not I, nor any of the other men who are with me. Moreover, whenever the dear son of Odysseus comes, he will clothe you in a cloak and tunic, and he will send (you) wherever your heart and spirit bids you (go)."  

Ll. 340-379. Eumaeus tells of Odysseus' parents.

And then the much-enduring noble Odysseus answered him: "Would that you, Eumaeus, might be as dear to father Zeus as (you are) to me, in that you have stopped me from wandering and from (suffering) grievous hardship. Nothing else is more evil for mortals than roaming; but, for the sake of their accursed stomach, men bear evil woes, when wandering and sorrow and pain come upon them. But now, since you are holding (me) back,and are bidding me await that man's (i.e. Telemachus') arrival, come tell me about the mother of godlike Odysseus, and of the father, whom he left behind on the threshold of old age, when he went. Perhaps they are still living beneath the rays of the sun, or maybe they are already dead and and are in the house of Hades."  

Then, the swineherd, that leader of men, answered him again: "Well then, my guest, I will tell you (it all) most exactly. Laertes still lives, but he prays all the time to Zeus that his spirit may waste away from his limbs within his halls; for he grieves terribly for his son who is gone, and for his wise wedded wife (i.e. Anticleia), whose death caused him the greatest grief and brought (him) to an untimely old age. She died of grief for her glorious son, a miserable death, such as no man should die, who dwells here, and is my friend and does kind (things for me). So, as long as she was living, despite all her grief, it was always something pleasant for me to ask and inquire (of her), because she had brought me up, together with her comely daughter, Ctimene of the flowing robes, whom she bore (as) the youngest of her children; I was reared together with her, and she honoured me (only) a little less. But, when we both reached the much-loved prime of youth, then they gave her in marriage to (someone on) Same, and they gained countless (wedding gifts), but me she clad in a cloak and tunic, right goodly raiment, and she gave me sandals for my feet, and sent me off into the field; but in her heart she loved me right well. Yet now I am in want of such (things); but for my own (part), the blessed gods foster the work on which I depend (for my livelihood); of these (things) I have eaten and drunk and given to the deserving. But from my mistress (i.e. Penelope) I hear nothing that is kind, either in word or deed in any way, since overweening men have fallen upon her house (like) a plague; yet, greatly do servants long to speak before their mistress and learn about everything (that is going on), and to eat and drink and take away something to the fields as well, such (things) as always warm a servant's heart.   

Ll. 380-414. Eumaeus begins to tell his own tale.

Then, Odysseus, (that man) of many wiles, said to him in reply: "But surely now, when you were young, swineherd Eumaeus, you were taken far away from your homeland and your parents. But come now, tell me this, and tell (it to me) truly, was it sacked, that broad-streeted city of men, in which your father and your queenly mother dwelt, or (was it) when you were alone with your sheep or with your cattle (that) hostile men took you in their ships and exported you to the house of this here man (i.e. Laertes), and he gave (them) a worthy price (for you)?" 

Then, the swineherd, that leader of men, addressed him again: "My friend, since you are asking and questioning me about these (matters), now do you listen in silence, and enjoy yourself and drink your wine, as you sit (here). And these nights are wonderfully long; now there is time for sleep and there is time to listen to those who enjoy (telling a story); nor is there any need for you to lie down early; for too much sleep is a (source of) annoyance. As for the others, (if a man's) heart and spirit bids (him do) it, let him go to sleep. And when dawn comes, let him eat and follow his master's swine. But we two will drink and feast in the hut, and have joy as we learn of each other's grievous afflictions. For, thereafter, any man who has suffered a great deal and has wandered around a lot finds joy even in woes. But I will tell you what (it is) that you are asking and inquiring of me.   

"There is a certain island called Syria - perhaps you may have heard of it - beyond Ortygia, where (there are) the turning places of the sun; (it is) not so very thickly populated, but (it is) a good (land), rich in herds, rich in flocks, abounding in wine and full of wheat. Famine never comes to this land, nor does any other hateful sickness fall upon wretched mortals; but, when the tribes of men grow old across the city, Apollo of the silver bow comes with Artemis and assails them with his gentle shafts and slays (them). There (there are) two cities, and the whole (island) is divided in two between them; and my father, Ctesius, son of Ormenus, like to the immortals, was king of both of them.  

Ll. 415-453. Eumaeus continues his story. 

Thither came Phoenicians, men famed for their ships, greedy knaves, bringing countless trinkets in their black ship. Now, there was a Phoenician woman in my father's house, beautiful and tall (she was) and skilled in glorious handicraft, but the wily Phoenicians deceived her. Firstly, one of them came upon her, as she was washing (clothes), and lay in love (with her) down by the hollow ship, and such (things) beguile the minds of tender women, even (one) who is virtuous. Then, he asked (her) who she was and from where she came; and straightway she pointed to my father's high-roofed house, (and said,) "I declare I come from Sidon, rich in bronze, and I am the daughter of Arybas, a man of abundant wealth; but men of plunder seized me as I was coming from the fields and brought me here to the house of yonder man; and he paid (them) a worthy price (for me)."  

Then, the man who had lain (with her) in secret spoke to her: "So do you now wish to go back with us to your home, so you may see the high-roofed house of your father and mother, and them (as well)? For they are still living and are called wealthy." 

Then, the woman spoke to him again, and answered in these words: "This may well be the case, if you sailors will swear an oath to me to bring me home unharmed."

So she spoke, and then they all swore an oath as she had bid (them). But, when they had sworn and completed that oath, the woman again spoke among them and answered in these words: "Be silent now and do not let any one of your companions accost me with words, if he should meet me in the street, or perhaps at the well, lest someone should go to the palace and tell the old (king), and, if he suspects, he will bind me in tight bonds, and contrive your destruction. But keep my words in your minds, and speed up the buying of your wares. But, when your ship becomes filled with goods, then let a message come to me swiftly at the palace: for I will bring some gold, whatever comes into my hand; and I will also pay you another fare. For in the house I am tending a child of my noble master, (a child) so cute that he runs around outside with me; and I shall bring him on board the ship, and he will fetch you a high price, wherever you may take (him) for sale among men of strange tongues."    

Ll. 454-492. Eumaeus completes his story.

Thus speaking, she went back to our fine palace, and they stayed there beside us for a whole year, and loaded much cargo in their hollow ship. But, when their hollow ship was laden for them to depart, then they sent a messenger to bring the news to the woman. The cunning fellow came to my father's house, bearing a golden necklace, and it was strung with amber (beads) between (the golden parts). In the hall the handmaids and my queenly mother were fondling it with their hands and fixing their eyes on (it), while promising (to pay) the price (for it); and he nodded to her in silence. Now in truth, after he had nodded (to her), he went his way to the hollow ship, and she took me by the hand and led me out of the house. Now, in the vestibule she found both the tables and the cups of the banqueting men, who paid attention to my father. They had gone to a session (of the council) and to a parley of the people, but she hastily hid three goblets in her bosom and bore (them) off, and I, in my childish innocence, followed (her). Then, the sun set and all the ways grew dark; but we went quickly and came to the well-known harbour, where the swift sea-going ship was (lying). Then, they embarked, and, putting both of us on board (as well), they sailed over the watery ways; and Zeus sent forth a fair wind. For six days we sailed, night and day alike; but, when Zeus, the son of Cronos, brought the seventh day upon (us), then, Artemis, who delights in arrows, smote the woman, and she fell with a crash into the hold, like a sea-gull plunges (into the sea). And they cast her (body) overboard to be prey for the seals and the fishes; but I was left sore at heart; now, the wind and the current bore (them) along and drove them to Ithaca, where Laertes bought me with his wealth. Thus (it was that) I beheld this land with my eyes." 

Then, Zeus-born Odysseus replied to him once more in these words: "Eumaeus, now in very truth you have stirred the heart in my breast by recounting all these miseries which you have suffered in your heart. But, in truth, Zeus has given you some good (luck) side by side with bad, since, after many toils, you came to the house of a kindly man, who has provided you with food and drink in a generous fashion, and you live a good life, whereas I have come here, after wandering through many cities of men."

Ll. 493-524. Telemachus arrives back on Ithaca. 

So they said such (things) to one another, and then they went to sleep, not for a long time, but for a short space of time; for fair-throned Dawn came soon. Now, Telemachus (came) near to the shore, and his shipmates furled the sail and quickly took down the mast, and rowed the (ship) forward to her anchorage with their oars; then, they cast out the mooring-stones, and made fast the stern-cables; and they themselves stepped out on to the shore of the sea, and they prepared a meal and mixed the sparkling wine. But, when they had satisfied their desire for food and drink, then was wise Telemachus the first to speak among them: "Now you row the black ship to the city, but I shall visit the fields and herdsmen; and in the evening, when I have looked over my tilled lands, I will come down to the city. And, in the morning, I shall set before you, (as) the wages for your travels, a goodly feast of meat and sweet wine."  

Then, godlike Theoclymenus addressed him once more: "So where am I to go, dear child? Of the men who rule over rocky Ithaca, to whose house am I to go? Or shall I go straight to the house of your mother and yourself?" 

And wise Telemachus said to him in reply: "In other (circumstances) I should also bid you go to our (house); but at present there is no desire to entertain guests; but for yourself (it would be even) worse, since I shall be away from you, and my mother will not see you; for she does not often show herself to the suitors in the house, but she weaves at her loom in the upper part of the (palace). But I tell you of another man, to whom you may go, Eurymachus, the splendid son of wise Polybus, whom the people of Ithaca now look upon as though (he were) a god; for (he is) by far the best man, and is most eager to marry my mother and to gain the honour of Odysseus. But, with regard to these particular (things), Olympian Zeus, who dwells in the sky, knows whether before the marriage he will fulfil the evil day.    

Ll. 525-557. Peiraeus agrees to take Theoclymenus into his home. 

Then, even as he spoke, a bird flew by on his right, a hawk (it was), the swift messenger of Apollo; and it was holding a dove in its talons, and plucking (her), and her feathers were dropping down to the ground midway between the ship and Telemachus himself. Then, Theoclymenus beckoned him away from his men, and clung tightly to his hand, and spoke these words and addressed (him) by name: "Telemachus, surely this bird has not flown past on our right without the aid of a god, for I knew as I looked straight at him that he was a bird of omen. No other stock in the land of Ithaca is more regal than yours, and indeed you will always (be) in power."   

Then wise Telemachus spoke to him again in reply: "Ah, my friend, may this word (of yours) be fulfilled; then, at once you would be aware of my friendship and many gifts from me, so that anyone who meets you would call (you) blessed."  

Then, he spoke to his faithful companion Peiraeus and said: "Peiraeus, son of Clytius, of all of my companions who went with me to Pylos, you were the most ready to comply with my (wishes); and now, I (bid you), take this stranger into your house, and welcome (him) in a kindly manner, and show (him) honour, until I come (back)."

Then, Peiraeus, the famous spearman, said to him in reply: "Telemachus, even if you wish to remain there for a long time, I will entertain this (man), and, in his case, there will not be any lack of hospitality."  

So he spoke and went on board the ship and ordered his comrades to embark themselves and to let loose the stern cables. Then, they embarked at once and sat down upon the benches. But Telemachus fastened his fine sandals beneath his feet, and took his mighty spear, tipped with sharp bronze, from the deck of the ship; then, they loosened the stern cables. Thrusting off, they sailed to the city, as Telemachus, the dear son of godlike Odysseus, had ordered (them); and as he strode swiftly forward, his feet bore him (on), until he reached the farmyard, where were his very numerous swine, and among them he who was the goodly swineherd was accustomed to sleep, (the man who) knew (what things were) helpful to his masters. 

HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XIV: IN EUMAEUS' HUT.

HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XIV: IN EUMAEUS' HUT. 

Introduction:

At the end of Book XIII, the goddess Athene, having altered Odysseus' appearance to that of an old man, sends him off to meet with his swineherd, Eumaeus. Odysseus finds Eumaeus' hut and is kindly received by him, although due to his disguise Eumaeus does not recognise him (see ll. 1-80). In ll. 81-180 Odysseus learns of the arrogant behaviour of the Suitors and also of the potential risks facing his son Telemachus. When Eumaeus inquires about the circumstances of his visitor, Odysseus provides him with a false story about his identity and history, in which he portrays himself as a Cretan adventurer, who, after returning from the Trojan war, has fallen on hard times  (see ll. 181-313). Amongst the fictions in his tale is that he hears news of Odysseus while he is visiting Thesprotia (see ll. 314-359), but Eumaeus refuses to believe this, although the supposed Cretan affirms it on his life (see ll. 360-406). In the final sections of this book (ll. 407-533), they and their comrades enjoy a good supper and settle down for a comfortable night, while the Cretan adds a further tale about his experiences at Troy. In terms of the Odyssey as a whole, Book XIV is somewhat of an interlude, with no real action taking place, beyond the domestic circumstances of Eumaeus' hut. However, we do learn of Eumaeus'  abiding love for his master Odysseus and his deep grief at what he believes to be his death. Despite his lowly status as a slave, Eumaeus' loyalty to Odysseus is perhaps the most striking aspect of the Book.   

Ll. 1-47. Odysseus finds Eumaeus.

But he (i.e. Odysseus) went forth out of the harbour on a rough track through the hills to a wooded area, and (a place) where Athene had shown him (where to meet) the goodly swineherd (i.e. Eumaeus), who, of (all) the domestic servants whom he had acquired, had been the most concerned for his substance. 

Then, he found him sitting in the porch (of his house), where his lofty courtyard was built in a conspicuous spot, fine, and spacious, and circular; the swineherd himself had built it for his absent master's swine without the knowledge of his mistress (i.e. Penelope) and the old man Laertes, and he surrounded it with quarried stones and prickly shrubs; and outside (it) he drove stakes here and there into the ground; closely-packed and thickly set (they were), after he had split asunder the dark (core) of the oak-tree. And within the yard he had made twelve sties (as) sleeping quarters for the swine; and in each (one of them) fifty pigs were kept, sleeping on the ground - brood sows (they were); the boars slept outside, (but of these there were) far fewer; for the godlike suitors had lessened their (numbers by) eating (them), since the swineherd always supplied the pick of all his well-nourished fatted hogs; and there were three hundred and sixty of them. And beside (them) always slept four dogs, like wild beasts they were, which the swineherd, that chief of men, had reared. He himself was fitting sandals around his feet, cutting (them) from some well-tanned ox-hide; three others of them had gone in various directions with the pigs that had been assembled; and the fourth he sent forth to the city to bring with (it) forcibly (a boar), so that they might slay(it) and satisfy their souls with its flesh.  

Suddenly, the baying hounds caught sight of Odysseus, and rushed upon him, barking loudly; but, in his cunning, Odysseus sat down, and the staff fell from his hand. Then, he would have suffered an ignominious injury, even in his own farmstead; but the swineherd went quickly after (them) with swift steps, and darted through the gateway, and the hide fell from his hand. And he called to the dogs, and drove them in all directions with a shower of stones; then, he spoke to his master: "O old man, to be sure, the dogs would all but have torn you to shreds in a moment, and on me you would have shed your reproaches. And the gods have also given me other pains and sorrows; for (it is) for my godlike master that I abide here in grief and mourning, and rear fat swine for other (men) to eat; yet, he wanders, perhaps in want of food, over the land and cities of men who speak in strange tongues, if perchance he still lives and sees the light of the sun. But (come) follow (me), old man, and let us go to the hut, so that, after you have satisfied your heart's desire for bread and wine, you can tell (me) from where you are come, and all the many troubles you have suffered."  

Ll. 48-71. Eumaeus welcomes Odysseus.

So he spoke, and the goodly swineherd led the way to his hut, and took (him) in and sat (him) down, and he made (him) a pile of thickly-grown brushwood, and spread on top of (it) the skin of a shaggy wild goat - his own mattress (it was), large and hairy. Then, Odysseus rejoiced that he had given him such a welcome, and spoke these words of thanks (to him): "Stranger, may Zeus and the other immortal gods grant you what you most desire, since you have given me such a hearty welcome."

And now, Eumaeus the swineherd, you (it was who) said to him in reply: "Stranger, it is not right for me to slight a stranger, not even if one were to come in a worse state than you. For all strangers and beggars are (here) in the place of Zeus; for a gift from us, though small, is welcome; for it is the lot of slaves ever to be in fear that their masters would lord it over (them,) young as they (are). For, in truth, the gods have hindered the return of him who would have loved me heartily, and have bestowed acquisitions (on me), a house, and a plot of land, and a much sought-after wife, such (things) as a kindly master gives to his servant, who has worked very hard for him, and whose work a god has prospered, just as this work of mine, to which I give my attention (here), has prospered. For this, my master would have greatly rewarded me, if he had grown old here; but he has perished - as the breed of Helen should have perished, while on their knees, since she has loosened the knees of many men; for he too went off to Ilium, (the land) of fine horses, on account of the honour of Agamemnon, in order to fight the Trojans.     

Ll. 72-108. Eumaeus' hospitality. 

So saying, he (i.e. Eumaeus) quickly fastened his tunic, and went his way to the sties, where the tribes of pigs were confined. Taking two from there, he brought (them) in and slaughtered both (of them), singed (them) and chopped (them) up, and stuck (their pieces) on spits. When he had roasted all (of these) he brought (them) in and placed (them) beside Odysseus, hot on their spits; and he sprinkled white barley-meal (over them); then he mixed honey-sweet wine in an ivy-wood drinking cup, and he himself sat down facing him, and, encouraging (him) to eat, he said: "Eat now, O stranger, such (food) as may be produced by slaves, (that is, the meat) of young pigs; but the suitors eat these fatted hogs (of mine), having no thought in their hearts of (divine) vengeance, nor (showing) any pity. Now, the blessed gods love not such cruel deeds, but they do honour justice and acts of decency in men. Even our implacable enemies, who intrude on someone else's land, and to whom Zeus has granted booty, and who, having filled their ships, go on board to return home, even in their case a great (fear) of divine vengeance falls upon their hearts. But these (men) (i.e. the suitors) have certainly learned something, and they have heard some divine voice (telling) of his dreadful death, (seeing) that they are not willing to woo properly, nor to return to their own (homes), but they high-handedly devour our substance at their ease, nor are they (at all) sparing of (it). For, as many as are the nights and days (that come) from Zeus, on each they sacrifice not one victim, nor only two; and the wine, which they draw forth in an arrogant fashion, they waste. For, in truth, his livelihood was beyond telling (i.e. he was unspeakably rich); not one of the great men (had) so much (wealth), neither on the dark(-soiled) mainland, nor on Ithaca itself; nor is the wealth of twenty men joined together as great (as his); I shall show you what I mean. On the mainland, (he has) twelve herds (of cattle); as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as many scattered herds of goats, do foreign men and his own herdsmen tend. And here scattered herds of goats, eleven in all, graze on the remotest parts (of the island), and over (them) trusty men keep watch. Each one of these drives up (one of) his flock for them (i.e. the suitors) on a daily basis, that one of the fatted goats, which seems (to him to be) the best. But I tend and keep watch over those swine, and I carefully choose and send them the best of the pigs."      

Ll. 109-147. Eumaeus praises his master Odysseus. 

So he (i.e. Eumaeus) spoke, and the other (i.e. Odysseus) eagerly ate the meat and drank the wine avidly (and) in silence, and plotted trouble for the suitors. But, when he had dined and had met his appetite for food, he filled the cup, from which he had been drinking, and gave (it) to him, brim full of wine; and he (i.e. Eumaeus) took it and was glad at heart. Then, he (i.e. Odysseus) addressed him and spoke these winged words: "O friend, who (was this man who) bought you with his wealth, (a man) so very rich and powerful, as you say (he was)? Now, you say he died for the sake of Agamemnon's honour. Tell me (his name), in case I might remember who this man is. For perhaps Zeus and the other immortal gods know whether I have seen him and can bring tidings (of him); for I have wandered far and wide."  

Then, the swineherd, a leader of men, answered him: "O old man, no travelling man, that has come with news of him, has convinced his wife and his son (of its truth), but these wandering men (i.e. tramps), when they are receiving (care and) attention, tell lies, and are not concerned to speak the truth. Whoever, in his wanderings, comes to the land of Ithaca goes to my mother and tells a beguiling story; and she receives and welcomes (him) in a kindly fashion and questions (him) on every detail, and the tears fall from her eyelids as she laments, as is the custom of a woman when her husband dies in another place. And readily would you too, old man, make up a story, if someone would give you a cloak and a tunic (as) raiment. And, as for him, the spirit must have left (his body), and, by now, the dogs and the swift-flying birds of prey are likely to have torn the flesh from his bones. Or fishes have eaten him in the sea, and his bones lie (here) on the shore, deeply engulfed in the sand. So, he died there, and, in the future, grief has arisen in all his friends, and especially in me; for, wherever I go, I shall never find a master so kind (as he was), not even if I should come again to the house of my father and mother, where I was born in the first place, and they themselves reared me. But yet, I do not now mourn them as much (as him), eager though I am to behold them with my eyes and to be in my native-land; but a longing for Odysseus, who is gone, takes hold of me. Yet, O stranger, I am reluctant to speak his name, even though he is not here; for greatly did he love and care for me in his heart; but, even though he is far away, I call him my trusty (lord and brother)."  

Ll. 148-190. Odysseus assures Eumaeus that his master will return to Ithaca. 

Then, the much-enduring godlike Odysseus spoke to him again: "O friend, since you refuse to believe (it), and you declare that he will never return, and your mind (is) always in a state of disbelief, therefore I shall not merely tell you, but (I shall say it) with an oath, that Odysseus is coming back; and let there be an immediate reward for me for bringing good news, whenever he shall come and reach his household; but before that, however sore my need, I shall accept nothing. For that (man) who, giving way to poverty, tells a deceitful (tale) is (as) hateful to me as the gates of Hades. Now, may Zeus, before (all other) gods, and this board of hospitality, and this hearth of peerless Odysseus, which I am approaching, be aware, that, in truth, all these (things) will happen as I say. Within the course of this very lunar cycle, Odysseus will be here. As one month ends and the next one begins, he will return home and take his revenge on all those who here dishonour his wife and his noble son." 

And to him did you, swineherd Eumaeus, say in reply: "O old man, I shall not have to pay that reward for good tidings, nor shall Odysseus ever come home; but drink in peace and let us turn our minds to other (things) apart from (these), and do not remind me of these (things); for, in truth, the heart in my breast grieves, whenever anyone reminds (me) of my trusty lord. But, now indeed, let us let go of your oath, but may Odysseus come (home), just as I wish him (to do), and (so does) Penelope, and the old man Laertes, and godlike Telemachus. But now I grieve unceasingly for Telemachus, the son, whom godlike Odysseus begot. When the gods made him grow like a young sapling, and I thought that he would be in no way inferior among men to his dear father, wonderful, (as he was,) in shape and form, then one of the immortals, or some man, marred the well-balanced mind within him; and he went to sacred Pylos in pursuit of news of his father; and the princely suitors will lie in wait for him as he makes his way home, so that the race of godlike Arceisius (i.e. the father of Laertes, Odysseus' father) will disappear from Ithaca without trace. But now indeed we shall let him be, whether he may be taken, or whether he may escape, if the son of Cronos should hold out his hand to give him protection. But come (now), old man, do you tell me of your own troubles, and tell me of them in reality, so that I may know full well; who (you are, and) from where among men (do you come)? Where (is) your city, and (who are) your parents? On what kind of ship did you come, and how did sailors bring you to Ithaca? Who did they profess to be? For I do not think that you came here in any way on foot?" 

Ll. 191-233. Odysseus pretends to be a Cretan.

Then, Odysseus, (that man) of many wiles, said to him in reply: "Well then, I shall tell you everything exactly. Would that we two might now have both food and sweet wine for some time, while we remain inside the hut, so as to feast in quiet, as others go about their work; then, I might easily spend a whole year without completing my account of the sorrows of my heart, such as all those (hardships) I have endured by the will of the gods.

"I profess (to be) of the stock of broad Crete, the son of a wealthy man; and many other sons were also born and reared in his hall, the legitimate (sons) of a (lawful) wife; but the mother (that) bore me was bought (as) a concubine; yet, Castor, son of Hylax, honoured me (as) an equal to his lawfully begotten (children). I claim to be the son of a (man) who was, at that time, honoured as a god among Cretans for his prosperous estate, and his wealth and his splendid sons. But, in truth, the fates of death came (and) bore him off to the house of Hades; then, let me tell you, his high-handed sons divided up his property among themselves and cast lots for (it), but to me they gave a very small (portion), and assigned (me) a dwelling. But I won myself a wife from some people rich in land, on account of my valour, for I was neither idle nor cowardly; but now all that (strength) has already left (me), but I think that, when you see the stubble, you will know (what the harvest was) like; for, in truth, great misery takes a very tight hold of me. For, at that time, Ares and Athene had certainly endowed me with courage and the might to break through the ranks of men; whenever I were to pick the best men for an ambush, sowing dark seeds for my foes, never did my manly spirit foresee my death, but I would be by far the first to leap out and slay with my spear the enemy warriors, who had given way to me by foot. Such (a man) was I in war; but labour (in the fields) was not welcome to me, nor (was) that household management which leads to the upbringing of splendid children, but ships with oars were always dear to me, as were wars, and polished spears, and arrows, (things) of woe, which are wont to make others shudder. But those (things) were dear to me, I suppose, which a god had put into my heart; for one man finds delight in the work of others. For, before the sons of the Achaeans had set foot on (the land of) Troy, I had led warriors and swift-faring ships against foreign men, and much loot came into my hands. Of these (things), I took out what was pleasing (to me), and, afterwards I obtained much (more) by lot; my house soon grew rich, and then I became feared and honoured among the Cretans.   

Ll. 235-284. Odysseus tells of the Cretan's adventures in Egypt. 

"But when the far-seeing Zeus devised that hateful journey, which loosened the knees of (so) many warriors, they (i.e. the Cretans) kept on urging me and glorious Idomeneus to lead their ships to Ilium; nor was there any means of refusing, for the people's voice bore down hard (on us). There, we, sons of the Achaeans, fought for nine years, and in the tenth, having sacked the city of Priam, we set out for home with our ships, but a god scattered the Achaeans. But for me, wretched (man that I was,) Zeus, the counsellor, contrived evil (things); I stayed (at home) for a month only, delighting in my children and my wedded wife, and my possessions; but then did my spirit urge me to sail to Egypt (i.e. to the River Nile) with my godlike companions, when I had carefully fitted out my ships, and an army was speedily assembled. Then did my trusty companions feast for six days; and I gave (them) many victims, to sacrifice to the gods and in order to prepare a feast for themselves. And on the seventh day we embarked and set sail from broad Crete, with a fair North Wind blowing readily at its height, and as if (we were going) downstream; nor did any of my ships come to harm, but we sat (there) unscathed and free from sickness, and the wind and the helmsmen directed them. 

"Then, on the fifth day, we came to the fair-flowing Nile, and (there) in the River of Egypt I moored my ships with their banks of oars on both sides. Then, in truth, I ordered my trusty comrades to remain there by the ships and defend the ships, and I sent scouts to go in search of watch-towers; but they, giving way to wanton violence and led on by their own vigour, began, almost at once, to  ravage the very beautiful fields of the men of Egypt, and they carried off the women and little children, and slew the (men); and their cry came quickly to the city. And, hearing the shouting, the (people) came forth at the same time as dawn appeared; then, the whole plain was filled with foot-soldiers and chariots, and the flashing of bronze; but Zeus, who delights in thunder, threw my comrades into an abject headlong flight, and no one had the courage to stand his ground against the foe; for threats surrounded (us) on every side. Then, they slew many of us with the sharp bronze, and some they led inland alive to work for them by compulsion (i.e. as slaves). But Zeus himself put this thought into my mind - though I should have died and met my fate there in Egypt; for sorrow was still now (waiting to) receive me -  straightway, I took the well-made helmet from my head, and the shield from my shoulders, and let the spear fall from my hands; then I went towards their king's chariot, and clasped and kissed his knees; and he took pity on me and rescued (me), and he sat me in his chariot and took me, shedding tears, to his home. In truth, a great many (of them) rushed at me with their ashen spears, longing to kill (me) - for they were extremely angry - , but he kept (them) off, and had regard for the wrath of Zeus, (the god) of strangers, who shows particular displeasure at evil deeds.   

Ll. 285-320. Odysseus tells how the Cretan came to Thesprotia. 

"There on that spot I stayed for seven years (n.b. this timescale coincides with the seven years spent by Odysseus himself on Calypso's island of Ogygia), and I gathered much wealth from the men of Egypt; for they all used to give (me things). But, when the approaching eighth year actually arrived, then there came to me a Phoenician man, who knew wily tricks, a petty swindler, who had already done many evil (things) to men; prevailing upon me by his cunning, he took me (with him), until we reached Phoenicia, where lay his house and his possessions. There I stayed with him for a full year. But, when the months and the years were fulfilled and the year came round again and the seasons passed, he put me on board a sea-faring ship bound for Libya, telling me the lie that I should convey a cargo with him, but, when (we got) there, he thought he might sell me and get a very good price. (So,) I followed him forcibly on to the ship, despite foreseeing (the worst). And she was running in the midst (of the sea) above Crete with a fair North Wind blowing strongly; but Zeus had devised their destruction. For, when we had gone past Crete and no other land appeared, but (only) sky and sea, then did the son of Cronos place a black cloud above the hollow ship, and the sea grew dark beneath it. And at the same time Zeus thundered and hurled a bolt of lightning against the ship; and the whole (ship) shook, struck, (as it was,) by Zeus's thunderbolt, and it was filled with (the smell of) sulphur; and all (the members of the crew) fell from the ship. And they were borne on the waves around the black ship like sea-crows; and the god put an end to their homecoming. But as for me, despite my heart being seized with woe, Zeus himself put into my hands the very long mast of the dark-prowed ship, so I might still escape from disaster. Entwined around this, I was borne by the deadly winds. For nine days I was borne (along), but on the tenth black night a huge rolling wave brought me to the coast of the land of the Thesprotians (i.e. a district of north-western Greece, on the coast of Epirus). There, the lord Pheidon, king of the Thesprotians, provided for me without payment; for his dear son came upon (me), overcome, (as I was,) with exposure and exhaustion, and he raised (me) by the hand and led (me) to his home, until he came to his father's palace; then, he clothed me in a cloak and tunic (as) raiment. 

Ll. 321-359. Odysseus goes on to tell of the Cretan's experiences in Thesprotia. 

"(It was) there (that) I learned of Odysseus; for he said he had received (him) and entertained (him) as he was going on his way to his native-land, and he showed me all the goods which Odysseus had gathered, bronze, and gold, and iron that is wrought with much toil. And now would it feed a man and then others down to the tenth generation; so great is the treasure lying (ready) for him in the halls of that king. But he said that he (i.e. Odysseus) had gone to Dodona (i.e. a town in Thesprotia, which housed the most ancient oracle of Zeus, whose responses were delivered by the rustling of oak-trees in its sacred grove), to hear the will of Zeus from the lofty foliage of the oak of the god, as to how he should return, whether openly or secretly, to the rich land of Ithaca, having now been absent for so long,. And he swore in my presence, as he poured the libations of wine in his house, that the ship had been launched and the crewmen were ready, who were to convey him to his beloved native-land. But me he sent off first; for a ship of the men of Thesprotia happened to be setting out for Dulichium, rich in corn (i.e. an island off the western coast of Greece, near Ithaca). There, he bade (them) convey me in a friendly fashion to Acastus, its king; but an evil thought brought pleasure to their minds, that I might yet be brought into the misery of total disaster. So, when the sea-faring ship had sailed far from land, they at once contrived in their cunning (to bring about) the day of slavery for me. They stripped me of my garments, cloak and tunic, and they threw another tattered garment and a filthy tunic around me, the (very) rags which you yourself can now see before your eyes; and by evening they reached the tilled lands of far-seen Ithaca; and there they bound me firmly with a well-twisted rope in the well-benched ship, and they themselves disembarked and hastily took their supper on the shore of the sea. But, in my case, the gods themselves readily undid my bonds; and, wrapping the tattered cloak around my head, I slid down the smooth lading plank and brought my breast to the sea, and then I struck out swimming with both hands, and very soon I was out of (the water) and beyond their (reach). Then, I went up (to a place) where there was a thicket of flowering woodland, (and there) I lay low. And they went backwards and forwards, shouting loudly; but, as there seemed to be no benefit to them in searching (for me) any further, so they went back again on board their hollow ship; and the gods themselves hid me easily, and took (me) and led me to the farmstead of a knowledgeable man; for (it is) now still my lot to be alive." 

Ll. 360-400. Eumaeus doubts the truth of what the Cretan has told him about Odysseus. 

And you, Eumaeus the swineherd, said to him in reply: "Ah, my poor friend, you have certainly stirred my heart deeply (by) telling (me) each of those (things) which you have suffered and (the places) where you have wandered. But (you have) not, I think, (spoken) aright when you said things about Odysseus, nor will you persuade me; but why should you lie for no reason when you are in such a situation as this? I myself also well know (with regard to) the return of my master, which was utterly hateful to all of the gods, that they did not let him fall among the Trojans or in the arms of his friends, when he had wound up the long thread of war. In such circumstances, all of the Achaean nations would have made him a tomb, and for his son too he would have won great glory, but now the whirlwinds have snatched him up and carried him off without fame. But I live apart (from men) with my pigs; nor do I go to the city, unless perhaps wise Penelope bids (me) go to it when news comes (to her) from somewhere. Then, on each of these (occasions), men sit around and ask questions, both (those) who are grieving for their lord, who has been away for so long, and (those) who delight in devouring his livelihood without compensation; but to me it is not desirable to ask and inquire, since the time when a man from Aetolia deceived me with his story that he had killed a man, and, after wandering over the wide earth, he came to my house; and I greeted him warmly. And he said that he had seen him (i.e. Odysseus) among the Cretans at the house of Idomeneus, repairing ships which the storms had shattered; and he said that he would come either during the summer or at the time of the fruit-picking, bringing much treasure (with him), along with his godlike comrades. And you too, old man of many sorrows, since a god brought you to me, do not seek to win my favour by telling me any lies, or by trying to charm (me) in any way; for (it is) not for this reason that I shall show you respect and be kind (to you), but through fear of Zeus, the god of strangers, and pity for yourself."        

Then, Odysseus, (that man) of many wiles, spoke to him in reply: "For, in very truth, (there is) an unbelieving heart in your breast, seeing that for this reason I could not win you over, even with an oath, or persuade you. But come now, let us make a verbal agreement; and (may) the gods who hold Olympus (be) witnesses to (us) both. If your master should come back to this house, (then) you shall clothe me in a cloak and tunic (as) raiment, and send me on my way to Dulichium, where it is the desire of my heart to go; but, if he does not come as I say (he will), tell your slaves to hurl (me) down from a great cliff, so that another beggar may avoid cheating (me)."

Ll. 401-445. Eumaeus prepares the fatted hog for their dinner. 

Then, the goodly swineherd addressed him in reply: "(Oh yes), stranger, for on that basis I should (certainly) win both fame and fortune among men both now and hereafter, if I, who brought you to my hut and gave you entertainment, should then slay (you) and take away your dear life; then should I readily pray to Zeus, son of Cronos. But now (it is) time for supper; may my comrades soon be inside, so we can enjoy a tasty meal in the hut."    

So they said such (things) to one another, and the swine and the swineherds came near. Then, they shut up the (sows) in their accustomed places to sleep, and an amazing sound came from the pigs as they were penned. Then, the goodly swineherd called out to his comrades, (saying): "Bring out the best of the boars, so that I may sacrifice (it) to the stranger from afar; and we ourselves shall also profit (from it), yes (we) who have long borne suffering and toil on account of these white-tusked boars, while others devour (the fruits of) our labour without recompense." 

Thus speaking, he split some firewood with his sharp bronze (axe), and they brought in a very fat five-year-old hog. Then, they placed him by the hearth; nor did the swineherd forget the immortals; for he was possessed of a kindly disposition; but he began (the ritual) by throwing (a tuft of) hair from the head of the white-tusked boar into the fire, and he prayed to all the gods that wise Odysseus might return to his own home. And then he raised himself up and struck (the animal) with a piece of oak, which he had left unsplit; and his life left him; and the swineherd placed raw pieces from all his limbs in the rich fat, as the first offerings, and these he cast into the fire, after he had sprinkled (them) with barley meal, and the rest they cut up and stuck on spits, and they roasted (it) carefully, and drew (it) all (off the spits), and cast (it) in heaps on to platters; then did the swineherd get up to carve; for in his heart he understood better (than the others) what (portions) were fair. And he cut it and divided (it) all into seven portions; one (share) he set aside, with a prayer, for the nymphs and for Hermes, Maia's son, and the others he distributed to each (person); and Odysseus he honoured with the long chine (i.e. back-bone) of the white-tusked boar, and he gladdened the heart of his master; and Odysseus, (that man) of many wiles, spoke to him and said: "Would that you may be as dear to father Zeus, Eumaeus, as (you are) to me, in that you honour me with a good (portion), despite me being in such a (plight)."  

To him, then, swineherd Eumaeus, did you say in reply: "Eat up, unhappy (soul) among strangers, and enjoy such (food) as is here; (it is) the god (that) will give one thing and withhold another, whatever he wishes in his heart; for he can do everything."

Ll. 446-493. Odysseus' Cretan tells a story about his time at Troy. 

He spoke, and then he offered the pieces he had set aside (i.e. for the nymphs and Hermes) as a burnt offering to the eternal gods, and, when he had poured a libation of sparkling wine, he placed (a cup) in the hands of Odysseus, sacker of cities; then, he sat down beside his own portion. Then, Mesaulius (i.e. 'Yardman') served them bread, (he) whom the swineherd himself had acquired alone, in the absence of his master, and without the knowledge of his mistress and of old man Laertes; and he bought him from the Taphians (n.b. the exact location of Taphos is unknown, but it must have been a place on, or near to, the coast of the mainland of western Greece) with his own resources. Then, they put out their hands to the good food set in front of (them). But, when they had satisfied their desire for meat and drink, Mesaulius took away their food, and, full of food and meat, they were ready for bed. 

Then, night came on, dark (and) stormy, and Zeus rained all night long, and the West Wind, ever full of rain, blew strongly. Then, Odysseus (i.e. still in the guise of the Cretan stranger) spoke among them, testing the swineherd, (to see) if he would strip off his cloak and give (it to him), or urge another one of his comrades (to do so), since he cared for him so much: "Listen (to me) now, Eumaeus and (you) all the rest of his comrades, as I wish to tell (you) a story, for that distracting wine bids (me do so), (that wine) which enjoins (a man), even though he be very wise, to singing and laughing stupidly, and it is making me (stand up and) dance, and blurt out some words (that were) really better (left) unspoken. But, since I have now opened my mouth in the first place, I shall not hide (anything). Would that I were (still) in the flower of my youth and my strength was firm, as (it was) when we contrived an ambush and led (it) beneath (the walls of) Troy. Odysseus and Atreus' son, Menelaus, led the way, and with them I was third in command; for they themselves had (so) ordered (it). But, when we came to the city and its steep wall, we lay, crouching under our armour, in thick brushwood among the thickets of reeds and the marshes around the town. And night came on, foul and icy-cold, the North Wind having dropped; and snow came down (on us) like a hoar-frost, (and it was) bitterly cold, and ice formed solidly on our shields. Now, everyone else had cloaks and tunics, and slept in peace, covering their shoulders with their shields. But I, when I set out, had, in my folly, left my cloak with my comrades, as I did not think it would be at all cold, and I had come only with my shield and my gleaming waistband. But, when it was the third watch of the night, and the stars had passed their zenith, then I nudged Odysseus, who was nearby, with my elbow, and spoke to (him); and he listened at once (to what I said): '(O) son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, ever-resourceful Odysseus, in truth, I shall no longer be among the living, but the cold is killing me; for I have no cloak; some god misled me into being lightly clad; and now there is no longer any way of escape (from the frost).' 

"So I spoke, and he then devised this plan in his heart, (as) he was the kind of (man both) to plan and to fight; and, speaking in a low voice, he said these words to me: 'Be silent now, lest another one of the Achaeans should hear you.' 

Ll. 494-533. When Odysseus' Cretan finishes his story, Eumaeus ensures he can go to sleep in comfortable circumstances.  

"Then, he raised his head on his elbow and spoke these words: 'Listen (to me), my friends; a dream from the gods has come to me. The fact is that we have come very far from the ships; so may someone go  and speak to Atreus' son, Agamemnon, shepherd of the host, (to see) if he might arrange for reinforcements to come to us from the ships.'

"So he spoke, and Thoas, son of Andraemon, immediately sprang up, and threw off his purple cloak, and made his way to the ships; then I gladly lay in his garment, and golden-throned Dawn appeared. Would that I were now as young as I was then, and my strength was (as) firm; (then) would one of the swineherds in the farmstead give (me) a cloak, both from kindness and from respect for a brave mortal; but now they despise me, as I have foul raiment around my body."

Then, swineherd Eumaeus, did you speak to him in reply: "O old man, let me tell you that the story, which you have recited, (is) an excellent (one), nor have you said a word (that is) at all out of place (or) superfluous; therefore, you shall want neither clothing, nor anything else which a sorely tried suppliant may expect at the time when he meets (it); but in the morning you will knock about in those tattered garments of yours. For here (there are) not many cloaks or changeable tunics to put on, and (there is) only one for each man. But, when the dear son of Odysseus (i.e. Telemachus) shall come, he himself will give you a cloak and tunic (as) raiment, and will send you wherever your heart and spirit bid (you go). 

So saying, he (i.e. Eumaeus) leapt up, and then placed a bed for him near the fire, and he flung upon (it) skins of sheep and goats. There Odysseus lay down; and he threw over him a cloak, great and thick, which he kept beside him (as) a change of clothing, to wear whenever some terrible cold spell should arise. 

So there did Odysseus sleep, and the young men slept beside him; but a bed at that spot, (and) to go to sleep away from his boars, did not please the swineherd, but he made arrangements to go outside; and Odysseus was glad that he was so concerned for his property, while he was so far away. Firstly, he (i.e. Eumaeus) slung his sharp sword over his sturdy shoulders, then he put a cloak about (him) to keep out the wind, very thick (it was), and he took up the fleece of a large well-fed goat, and seized hold of a sharp javelin to ward off dogs and men. Then, he went on his way to lie down (at a place) where the white-tusked boars slept beneath a hollow rock under shelter from the North Wind. 

  

 

     

  

 

HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XIII: ODYSSEUS LANDS IN ITHACA

HOMER: "ODYSSEY": BOOK XIII: ODYSSEUS LANDS IN ITHACA 

Introduction:

Book XIII sees the beginning of the second half of "The Odyssey", when the focus falls upon the island of Ithaca, the native-land of Odysseus, to which he finally returns, when his Phaeacian escorts lay him on the sand while he is asleep (see l.119). When he awakes, Athene helps him place all the many gifts he has received from the Phaeacians in a cave, warns him about the danger he faces from the suitors, and then changes his appearance so he will not be recognised. Meanwhile the Phaeacians have been heavily punished by Poseidon for the help they have given Odysseus, but their involvement in the story ends abruptly in the middle of l. 187. One of the features of the book is how it illustrates the close relationship between Athene and Odysseus. While the former initially disguises herself as a shepherd, Odysseus himself pretends to be a fugitive from Crete, somewhat to Athene's amusement.  In the end, however, the truth comes out with regard to them both, and Athene sends Odysseus off to meet his swineherd, Eumaeus, albeit with his changed appearance.    

Ll. 1-46. Odysseus begs Alcinous to let him depart.

So he spoke, and they were all hushed in silence, and they were held in a spell-bound state throughout the shadowy hall. Then, Alcinous answered him once more, and said: "Since you have come to my high-roofed house standing on bronze, for that reason I do believe that you will not be driven back at all, and that you will return home again, even if you have suffered very much. And to each man of you, who is ever wont to drink the sparkling wine of the elders and to listen to the minstrel in my halls, I say this as a command. Clothing for our guest, and richly-wrought gold (ornaments), and all the other gifts which counsellors of the Phaeacians have brought here, lie in a well-polished chest; but come (now), let us give him, every man of us, a large tripod and a cauldron; and we, in turn, will gather (contributions) from the people and recover the cost; for hard (it is) for one (man) to offer a free gift."

So spoke Alcinous, and his speech was pleasing to them. They went, each to his own house, in order to take their rest, but, as soon as rosy-fingered early Dawn appeared, they hastened to the ship, and bore the bronze that delights the hearts of men. And the hallowed might of Alcinous went through the ship himself, and he carefully stored these (gifts) beneath the benches, so that they might not hamper any of the crew at their rowing, whenever they plied the oars. Then, they went to (the house of) Alcinous and prepared a feast.  

Then, the hallowed might of Alcinous sacrificed a bull for them to cloud-wrapped Zeus, the son of Cronos, who is lord of all. Then, when they had burnt the thigh-pieces, they gave a banquet, and they enjoyed the glorious feast; and the divine minstrel Demodocus, esteemed by the people, sang among them. But Odysseus constantly turned his head towards the blazing sun, being eager (for it) to set; for he was very keen to return home. And (it is) like when a man, for whom a pair of wine-dark oxen has drawn his compact plough through the fallow field all day long, yearns for his supper; and gladly for him does the light of the sun sink as his supper approaches, and his knees buckle as he goes; that the light of the sun has sunk (is) welcome to Odysseus. Then at once, he addressed the Phaeacians, and spoke these words, declaring (them) especially to Alcinous: "Lord Alcinous, renowned above all people, make your drink offerings (now) and send me safely on my way, and rejoice yourselves; for now (all) that my own dear heart has desired has been fulfilled: an escort and your welcome gifts; may the heavenly gods give their blessings on them for me; and, on my return home, may I find my peerless wife and those I love unscathed. And may you remain here (still) and gladden (the hearts of) your wedded wives and children; and may the gods grant you prosperity of every kind, and may no evil come upon your people."     

Ll. 47-92. The journey home. 

So he spoke, and they all applauded (his speech) and urged that their guest should be sent on his way, since he had spoken fittingly. And then the mighty Alcinous spoke to the herald: "Pontonous, when you have mixed (the water and wine in) the mixing-bowl, serve up the wine to everyone in the hall, so that we can offer a prayer to father Zeus and send our guest to his own native-land."

So he spoke, and Pontonous mixed the honey-sweet wine and served (it) to everyone, going to each in turn; and they made drink-offerings to the blessed gods, who hold broad heaven from the very spot where they sit. But godlike Odysseus got up and placed a two-handled cup in the hand of Arete (i.e. wife of Alcinous and Queen of the Phaeacians), and addressed her, speaking these winged words: "I bid (you) a thorough farewell, O queen, until old age and death, which are the lot of man, come (upon you). As for me, I go my way; but in this your house may you have joy of your children, and your people, and your king Alcinous."

So speaking, godlike Odysseus stepped over the threshold, and the mighty Alcinous sent a herald with him to lead (him) to his swift ship and the sea-shore; and Arete sent slave-women with him, one bearing a well-washed cloak and tunic, a second she sent to take care of his strong chest, then another bore bread and red wine. 

But, when they had come down to the ship and the sea, the illustrious (men who were) his escorts at once took these (things, including) the food and drink, and stowed (them) in the hollow ship; and for Odysseus they spread out a rug and a sheet on the deck at the stern of the hollow ship, in order that he might sleep without being awoken; then, he himself came on board and lay down in silence, and they sat down on the rowing-benches, each in order, and loosed the cable from the perforated stone. And, as soon as they leant back and churned up the sea with the blade (of their oars), then did (a sleep) deep, most delightful, and most akin to death fall upon him. And, as on the plain four stallions spring forward all together beneath the strokes of the lash, and, raising themselves up on high, they swiftly accomplish their course, so the stern of the (ship) rose up, and the great dark wave of the surrounding sea stormed in her wake. Then, with unfaltering speed, she forged ahead most firmly, and not even the circling falcon, the fastest (thing) that flies, could have kept pace (with her). So she sped on swiftly, and cut (her way) through the waves of the sea, bearing a man who was like unto the gods in counsel; (one) who in times past had suffered very many woes in his heart as he passed through the wars of man and the grievous waves, but now he slept peacefully, forgetting all (the things) he had endured.     

Ll. 93-138. The landing on Ithaca.  

When the brightest star that ever arose (i.e. the planet Venus) comes to herald the light of early Dawn, then did the seafaring ship draw near to the island (i.e. Ithaca). Now there is in the land of Ithaca a certain harbour named after Phorcys, the Old Man of the Sea; and (there are) two sheer headlands projecting into it, (but) sloping down towards the harbour, and they protect (it) from the heavy (swell of the) waves outside (it), (raised) by the stormy winds; but inside (it) the well-benched ships remain unmoored, when they reach the point of anchorage (i.e. the spot where ships are fastened by a cable to the shore). Now at the head of the harbour (there is) a long-leaved olive-tree, and near it a pleasant shadowy cave, sacred to the nymphs that are called Naiads. And inside (it) there are mixing-bowls and large stone jars; and there too the bees make their hives. And inside (the cave, there are) long looms made of stone, and here the nymphs weave webs of purple dye, a wonder to behold; and in (it too) there are ever-flowing (springs of) water. And it has two doors; the one (that looks) towards the North (is) the downward passage for men, but the one facing South is sacred; nor do men ever enter it, but it is the pathway of the immortals. 

Here they rowed in, knowing (the place) of old; then the (ship) came ashore, driven on by as much as a half of her whole (length); for so was she urged forward by the hands of her rowers. And, stepping ashore from their well-benched ship, they first lifted Odysseus out of the hollow ship, together with his linen sheet and his bright-coloured rug, and then laid (him) down on the sand, (still) overcome by sleep, and lifted out the goods which the Phaeacians had sent with (him) as he set out for home, through the agency of Athene. And so they placed these in a pile by the trunk of the olive-tree out of the way, lest some travelling men might perchance come upon (them) and damage (them) before Odysseus awoke. But the Earth-Shaker (i.e. Poseidon) had not forgotten the boastful threats which he had made against Odysseus, and he sought the counsel of Zeus: "Father Zeus, I shall no longer be held in honour among the immortal gods, when mortals do not honour me at all, even the Phaeacians, who are of my lineage after all. For now I have declared that Odysseus should suffer many evils before he should reach his home; but I have never robbed him entirely of his return home, when once you had promised (it) and confirmed (it) with your nod. Now these (men) have borne (him) asleep in a swift ship over the sea, and they have set (him) down in Ithaca, and have given him gifts beyond telling, bronze and gold in heaps, and woven raiment in great quantities, such as Odysseus could never have taken from Troy, if ever he had returned unscathed, having been allotted his due share of the spoil."   

Ll. 139-183. Poseidon punishes the Phaeacians. 

Then, Zeus, the cloud-gatherer, said to him in reply: "For shame, mighty Earth-Shaker, what a thing you have said! The gods do not dishonour you in any way; it would indeed be hard to assail with insults their eldest and their best. If any man, intoxicated by his strength and vigour, treats you without any respect, then punishment is always (open) to you thereafter. Do as you will, and (as) is pleasing to your spirit!"

And then Poseidon, the Earth-Shaker, answered him: "I would have done as you say right away, (O lord) of the dark clouds; but I have always dreaded your anger, and (sought to) avoid (it). But I am now minded to strike the Phaeacians' lovely ship in the misty deep as she returns from her convoy, so that she may now stop and cease from her conveying of men, and (I intend) to envelop their city with a great mountain (ring)."

Then, Zeus, the cloud-gatherer, said to him in reply: "O my dear (brother), (hear) what seems to my mind to be best, (which is that,) when all the people are looking out from the city (at the ship) as she sails past, turn her into a rock near the shore resembling a swift ship, so that all men may marvel, and envelop their city with a great mountain (ring)."

Now, when Poseidon, the Earth-Shaker, heard this, he went on his way to Scheria, where the Phaeacians live. There he waited; and the seafaring ship, as she was coursing swiftly along, came very near (to the shore); then, the Earth-Shaker came near to her, and he turned her to stone, and fixed (her) firmly in the ground beneath the sea, by hitting (her) with his upturned hand (i.e. with the flat of his hand); then he went away. But the Phaeacians of the long oars, men (who were) famed for their ships, spoke winged words to one another. And thus would one speak as he glanced at his neighbours: "Woe is me, who has fixed our swift ship in the sea as she was speeding homewards? and just now she was in full sight of (us) all."

So then would one of them speak; but they had no idea of what had happened. Then, Alcinous addressed them and said: "O yes, now in very truth are my father's oracles coming upon me, for he used to say that Poseidon was resentful of us because we were providing safe convoys to all (men). He said that sometime, as a lovely ship, (full) of Phaeacian men, was returning from a convoy over the misty deep, he would smite (it), and envelop our city in a great mountain (ring). Thus did the old man speak; and now indeed are all these (things) being brought to pass. But come (now), let us all do as I say: do you cease to escort mortals, when anyone comes to our city; and let us sacrifice twelve specially chosen bulls to Poseidon, (to see) if he may take pity (on us) and not envelop our city in a very tall mountain (ring)." 

Ll. 184-216. Odysseus awakes.

So he spoke, and they were gripped by fear, and got the bulls ready (for sacrifice). Thus, the leaders and counsellors of the land of the Phaeacians were praying to the lord Poseidon as they stood beside the altar. But the divine Odysseus awoke from his sleep on his native soil, but after so long an absence he did not know it; for the goddess Pallas Athene, the daughter of Zeus had shed a mist around (him) (i.e. she changed his appearance), so that she might render him unrecognizable, and tell him everything, so that his wife might not know him, nor his townspeople and his friends, until the suitors had paid the price for all their transgressions. As a result, all (things) seemed strange to their lord, both the continuous thoroughfares, and the welcoming harbours, the steep cliffs and the leafy trees. And he sprang up, and stood and stared at his native-land; and then he groaned, and slapped his thighs with the flat of his hands, and spoke these mournful words: "O woe is me, to the land of what mortals am I now come once more? Are they brutal, and wild, and unjust, or are they stranger-loving, and do they have god-fearing minds? Where shall I take (all) these goods (of mine)? Would that (these goods) had been due to stay with the Phaeacians! And (would that) I had come to another of those exceedingly mighty kings, who would have welcomed me kindly and sent (me) on my way. But now I know not where to put (them all), but I will not leave (them) here, lest perchance they should become the spoil of others at my (expense). For shame, the leaders and counsellors of the Phaeacians, who have brought me to another land, were not entirely wise and just, as I had thought they were, for they certainly said they would bring me to far-seen Ithaca, but they did not do (so). May Zeus, the suppliants' (god), requite them, he who watches over (all) other men, and punishes anyone that sins! But come, I had better count up (all) these goods and look over (them), for fear that they (i.e. the crew of the Phaeacian ship) have taken something from me, and have gone off (with it) in their hollow ship. 

Ll. 217-249. Athene appears disguised as a young shepherd, and converses with Odysseus.  

So speaking, he counted up the lovely tripods and cauldrons, and the gold and the fine woven garments; but of these, he found nothing missing; then he mourned for his native-land as he crept along the shore of the loud-roaring sea, letting out many moans. Then, Athene drew near to him, in the shape of a young man, a shepherd of sheep, (but) tender-looking, as are the sons of kings, and round her shoulders she wore a well-wrought cloak; and she had sandals under her glistening feet and a javelin in her hand. And Odysseus was glad when he saw her, and came to meet (her), and, when he spoke to her, he said these winged words: "O my friend, since you (are) the first (person) I have come across in this place, hail (to you), and do not meet me with any evil in your mind, but save these (things) and save me; for to you do I pray like to a god, and I am come (to cling) to those dear knees of yours. (And) tell me this truly also, so that I may know (it) well. What land, what country (is this), and what men live (here)? Perhaps this is some island that can clearly be seen, or some promontory of the rich-soiled mainland running down there into the sea?" 

Then, the goddess, the bright-eyed Athene, addressed him: "You must be a simpleton, O stranger, or you must have come from afar, if you are really asking (what) country this (is). Indeed, it is a place by no means unknown; very many (people) know it, both those who dwell in the direction of the dawn and the (rising) sun (i.e. towards the east), and those who dwell in the opposite direction, towards the gloomy darkness (i.e, towards the west). For sure, it is rugged and not fit for driving horses, but it is not utterly useless, although it has not been made (very) wide. For in it there is corn beyond measure, and in (it there is) wine as well; and rain and fresh dew abound; and (it is) good for feeding goats and grazing cattle; there is timber of every kind, and in (it) there are ample pools for watering. So, in truth, stranger, the name of Ithaca even reaches (the land of) Troy, which is, they say, a long way indeed from the land of Achaea." 

Ll. 250-286. Odysseus gives a fictitious account of how he has arrived on the island of Ithaca.

So she spoke, and the much-enduring godlike Odysseus was glad, rejoicing in his native-land, as Pallas Athene, the daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus, told him (of it); and he spoke and addressed her with winged words; but he did not speak the truth, but he took back his words, ever revolving thoughts of great cunning in his breast: "I heard of Ithaca, even in broad Crete far away over the sea; and now have I come (here) too myself with these goods; but I have still left as much with my children, as I am in exile, since I slew the beloved son of Idomeneus, Orsilochus, swift of foot, who surpassed (all) the bread-eating men in broad Crete in swiftness of foot, and he would have robbed me of all that Trojan booty, for the sake of which I suffered heartaches, as I passed through the wars of men and the troublesome waves. because I would not court favour with his father, and serve as his squire in the land of the Trojans, but I was in charge of other companions (of my own). So I smote him with my bronze-tipped spear as he was coming home from the fields, while I lay in wait (for him) with one of my men by the side of the road; a very dark night encompassed the heavens, and no man saw us at all, and I took away his life unseen. Now, when I had slain him with my sharp bronze (weapon), I went straightaway to a ship, and I besought the lordly Phoenicians, and gave them desirable booty; I bade them put (me) on board and take me to Pylos, or to goodly Elis, where the Epeians rule. But, in truth, the force of the wind thrust (them) away from that place quite off course, nor did they wish to deceive me. But, driven from there, we came here at night, and we rowed on with some difficulty into the harbour, nor did we have any thought of supper, though we had great need (of it), but we all went forth from the ship, and lay down just as we were. Then, sweet sleep came upon me, weary (as I was), and they took my goods out of the hollow ship, and put (them) down on the sands just (in the place) where I myself was lying. Then, they embarked and set sail for the well-populated (land of) Sidon; but I was left (here) troubled at heart."  

Ll. 287-328. Athene reveals herself to Odysseus, and they continue to exchange words.

So he spoke, and the bright-eyed goddess Athene smiled and caressed him with her hand; in form she looked like a woman, comely and tall, and accomplished in glorious handiwork; and she spoke, and addressed him with winged words: "Crafty and devious must he be, who could surpass you in every kind of trickery, even if a god should come to meet (you). Obstinate, full of wiles, irrepressible intriguer (that you are), you are not prepared, even when you are in your own land, to drop the tricks and artful tales, which are (so) fundamentally dear to you. But come, let us talk of this no longer, as we are both well versed in wily tricks, since you are by far the best of all mortal (men) in counsel and in speech, and I am famous among all the gods for my wisdom  and artful crafts; but you did not recognise Pallas Athene, daughter of Zeus, who always stands at your side amid all your toils and guards (you), and (it was) I (who) also made you (so) dear to all the Phaeacians, and now I have come here, in order that I may devise a plan with you, and hide (all) the goods which the lordly Phaeacians sent with you, on my advice and at my will, when you set out for home, and to tell you of all the sorrows fate will dispense in your well-built house; for, of necessity, you must endure all these (things), and tell no man or woman that you have come back from your wanderings, but you must suffer your many woes in silence, and put up with the violence of men."   

Then, Odysseus, that man of many wiles, spoke to her in reply: "(It is) hard for a mortal (man) to know you, goddess, when he meets (you), even if he is very wise; for you make yourself into every (shape). But this I know well, that in the past you were very kind to me, so long as the sons of the Achaeans were fighting it out in (the land of) Troy. But, after we had sacked the lofty city of Priam, and had gone away in our ships, and a god had scattered the Achaeans, since then I have not seen you, (O) daughter of Zeus, nor have I noticed (you) coming aboard my ship, in order to ward off some of my pain. But on I roamed, ever bearing my stricken heart in my breast, till the gods delivered me from this evil; (this was the situation) until (the day came) when you cheered (me) with your words in the rich land of the men of Phaeacia, and you yourself led (me) to their city. But now I beseech you by your father - for I do not think that I have come to Ithaca, clearly to be seen (as it is), but that I am roaming around some other land; and you, I think are saying these (things) in mockery, in order to deceive my mind - tell me if I am really come to my dear native-land."

Ll. 329-365. Athene reveals the island of Ithaca to Odysseus, who is overjoyed at the sight of it.

And then the bright-eyed goddess Athene answered him: "The though in your breast is always of such a kind; therefore, I cannot abandon you while you are in this wretched state; for you are charming, and sharp-witted, and shrewd. For any other man, returning from his travels, would gladly have gone to see his children and his wife in his halls; but, in your case, it is not yet your (practice) to learn (something) or receive a report (about it), until you have also observed your wife for yourself, (she) who sits in your halls as before, and, in her ever sorrowful state, sheds tears, as the nights and days go by. Yet this I never doubted, but in my heart I knew that you would return, though having lost all your comrades, but you must know I was not inclined to pick a fight with my father's brother Poseidon, who stored up a grudge against you in his heart, angry as he was that you had totally blinded his own dear son (i.e. Polyphemus). But come, I shall show you the abode of Ithaca, so that you may be persuaded. This is the harbour of Phorcys, the Old Man of the Sea, and there at the head of the harbour (is) the long-leafed olive-tree; and near it (is) the pleasant shadowy cave, sacred to the nymphs that are called Naiads. And this, let me tell you, is the vaulted cavern, where you used to offer many perfect hecatombs to the nymphs; and yonder is Mount Neriton, covered over by woodland." 

As she spoke, the goddess dispersed the mist, and the countryside came into view; then did the much-enduring godlike Odysseus rejoice, overjoyed (as he was) at (the sight of) his land, and he kissed the fruitful soil. And at once he prayed to the nymphs, as he held up his hands: "(O) Naiad nymphs, daughters of Zeus, I never thought I should see you again; but now accept my greetings with these loving prayers; and we will give (you) gifts as well, just as in former times, if the daughter of Zeus, (she who) drives off the spoil, should kindly allow me to live myself, and my dear son to grow in strength." 

Then, the bright-eyed goddess Athene addressed him once more: "Take courage, and do not therefore let these (matters) cause your heart anxiety. But let us now at once place these goods in a corner of this wondrous cavern, so that there they may be kept quite safe for you; and may we ourselves consider how (all things) may be for the best by far." 

Ll. 366-415. Athene promises her help to Odysseus. 

So saying, the goddess plunged into the shadowy cave, and looked for hiding-places throughout the cave; and Odysseus brought everything inside, the gold, and the hard-wearing bronze, and the well-wrought garments, which the Phaeacians had given (her). These (things) he carefully stored away, and Pallas Athene, the daughter of aegis-bearing Zeus, placed a stone by the entrance. 

Then, the two of them sat down by the trunk of the sacred olive-tree, and devised death for the insolent suitors. Now, the bright-eyed goddess Athene was the first of them to speak: "(O) ever-resourceful Odysseus, son of Laertes sprung from Zeus. consider how you will lay your hands on those shameless suitors, who for three years now are lording it in your palace, wooing your godlike wife, and giving (her) bridal gifts; and she, ever pining in her heart for your home-coming, gives all (of them) cause to hope, and gives promises to each man in the messages she sends them, but her mind desires different (things)."

Then, Odysseus, (that man) of many wiles, spoke to her in reply: "For shame, now in very truth I would most likely have perished in my halls (by) the (same) evil fate (as) Agamemnon, son of Atreus, if you, goddess, had not told me everything in accordance with the truth. But come, weave some plan, in order that I may take my revenge upon them; and do you, yourself, stand by my side and endue (me) with dauntless courage, such as when we loosed Troy's bright diadem (of towers) (i.e. its battlements). If you would stand by my side, (O) bright-eyed (one), as eagerly (as you did then), I would even fight three hundred men together with you, revered goddess, when you readily come to my aid."

Then, the bright-eyed goddess Athene answered him: "I will, indeed, stand by you, nor will you escape my notice, when we shall be engaged on these (tasks); and I think (I see) one of the suitors, who are devouring your substance, bespattering this vast earth of ours with his blood and brains. But come, I will make you unrecognisable to all mortals: I shall shrivel the fair skin on your supple limbs, and I shall remove the auburn hair from your head, and I shall dim your two eyes, (which) before were so beautiful, so that you may appear unseemly to all the suitors, and to your wife and son, whom you left in your halls. And, as to yourself, do you go in the first place to the swineherd (i.e. Eumaeus), (he) who is the guardian of your pigs, just as he keeps a kindly heart in your case, and loves your son and the shrewd Penelope. You will find him abiding with your pigs; and they are feeding beside the Rock of Corax (i.e. the Raven's Crag) and by the Fountain of Arethusa, eating acorns to their hearts' content, and drinking the black water, things (which are causing) the greasy flesh of the swine to grow fat. Stay there at his side and question (him) about everything, while I go to Sparta, (the land) of fair women, to summon Telemachus, your own dear son, Odysseus, who went to spacious Lacedaemon to (meet) Menelaus, in order to acquire tidings of you, if perchance you are still alive."   

Ll. 416-440. Athene alters Odysseus' appearance. 

Then, Odysseus, that man of many wiles, spoke to her in reply: "Why then did you not tell him, aware of all (things) in your mind (as you are)? Was it so that he too might suffer woes as he wanders over the barren sea, while those others are devouring his substance?" 

Then, the bright-eyed goddess Athene answered him: "Do not let him be a great weight upon your mind. I myself escorted him, so that he might gain a good report from going there; and he does not have any work (to do), but he sits at his ease in the house of the son of Atreus (i.e. Menelaus), and (good fare) beyond telling lies before (him). It is true that young men with their black ship lie in wait for him. longing to slay (him), before he reaches his native-land; but I do not think this (will happen), before earth will encompass some of those suitors, who are devouring your substance."

So saying, Athene touched him with a wand. She shrivelled the fair flesh on his supple limbs, and removed the auburn hair from his head, and about all his limbs she put the skin of an aged old man, and she dimmed his two eyes, (which) before were so beautiful; and she cast a dirty cloak, other (than his own), around him, and a tunic, (which was) ragged and filthy, (and) soiled by foul smoke; and around him she put the great skin of a hind, bare (of wool); and she gave him a staff and a wretched leather pouch full of holes; and it hung on a twisted shoulder-strap. 

When the two of them had made their plans, they parted. And then she went to sacred Lacedaemon in quest of Odysseus' son.