LATIN VOCABULARY: NOTES

A.  DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERBS OF PLACE AND TIME:

                              PLACE:                                                                      TIME

WHERE:       ubi        where(?), in which place(?)                                   when, whenever
                      ibi         there, in that place                                                  then
                      illic       there, in that place
                      hic        here, in this place                                                   at this point

WHITHER:  quo       whither(?), to which place(?)
                      eo         thither, to that place                                               so long 
                      illuc      thither, to that place
                      huc       hither, to this place                                                so far

WHENCE:   unde      whence(?), from which place(?)                         
                     inde       from there, thenceforth, from that place              after that, ever since
                     illinc      thence, from that place
                     hinc       hence, from this place                                          after this


B.  CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR WORDS:

aer, aeris, m. air, atmosphere, weather;
aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze, brass, money.
aes alienum, debt

aestas, aestatis, f. summer;
aestus, aestus, m. heat, passion, surge of the sea;
aetas, aetatis, f. age, life, time, lifetime.

atqui, conj. yes but, and yet, nevertheless
atque, conj. and, and in fact, and then, and so.

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum. to fall, die, am killed, fail, subside, happen (events);
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum. to cut, slaughter, sacrifice, kill, strike;
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum. to walk, depart, withdraw, retreat, die, yield, concede.

compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatum. to call, address, reproach, arraign;

compello, compellere, compuli, compulsum. to drive, bring together, impel, compel; concentrate;

consisto, consistere, constiti. to stand, stand firm, take up a position, endure;
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum. to put, place, set down, station, halt, determine;
consto, constare, constiti, constatum. to stand together, agree, remain constant.

contineo, continere, continui, continentum. to contain, keep together, confine, control, check.

continuo, continuare, continuavi, continuatum. to join together, continue without a break. 

fulgur, fulguris, n. lightning;
fulmen, fulminis, n. thunderbolt.

iaceo, iacere, iacui. to lie, lie ill, lie dead; (places) to be situated;
iacio,iacere, ieci, iactum. to throw, lay, build; (seed) to sow.
iacto, iactare, iactavi, iactatum. to throw, scatter, shake, toss about; (speech) to boast.

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum. to walk, parade, march, advance, (feelings) come upon

incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum. to burn, set fire to, set alight, inflame, rouse, incense, brighten.

incido, incidere, incidi, incasum. to fall upon, meet, come across, befall, occur, happen.

incido, incidere, incidi, incisum. to cut open, cut up, engrave, inscribe, interrupt, cut short.

insisto, insistere, institi. to stand on, stand firm, halt, press on, pursue, begin, persist, continue

instituo, instituere, institui, institutum. to set up. implant, establish, build, appoint, arrange, teach 

insto, instare, institi. to stand on, pursue, approach, work hard at, insist, urge

lenis (long 'e'), soft, smooth, mild, gentle, calm

levis (short 'e'), adj. light, gentle, easy, trivial, fickle, nimble;
levis (long 'e'), adj. smooth, beardless, youthful, delicate.

nequaquam, adv. by no means, not at all;
nequiquam, adj. in vain, to no purpose, without good reason, fruitlessly, for nothing

onus, oneris, n. load, burden, weight, trouble, difficulty.
ops, opis, f. power, aid, help, assistance; plural (opes): wealth, riches, property, resources.
opus, operis, n. labour, work, toil, fortification, book of writing, need.

ora, orae, f. edge, border, boundary, sea-coast, country, region, ship's hawser;
os, oris, n. mouth, jaws, beak, tongue, lips, speech, face.
os, ossis, n. bone, marrow, heart, very soul.

parumper, adv. for a little while, for a time;
paulatim, adv. gradually, little by little;
paulisper, adv. for a little while.

pecu (pl. pecua), n. cattle, flock of sheep, plural: pastures, money;
pecus, pecoris, n. cattle, swine, sheep, flock, herd;
pecus, pecudis, f. a sheep, a head of cattle, a domestic animal.

praeterea, adv. besides, in addition, moreover, henceforth, further.
propterea, adv. therefore, on that account.

primitus, adv. originally.

primo, adv. at first, firstly.

primum, adv. first, in the first place, first of all, for the first time, to begin with.

resisto, resistere, restiti. to stop, halt, stand still, resist.

restito, restitare, restitavi, restitatum. to stay behind, hesitate.

restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum. to replace, rebuild, restore, give back, return, reverse

resto, restare, restiti. to resist, stand firm, remain, be left. 

socer, soceri, m. father-in-law;

socrus, socrus, f. mother-in-law. 

somnium, somn(i)i, n. dream, fancy, imagination, nonsense;
somnus, somni, m. sleep, sleep (of death), slumber, drowsiness.

subsisto, subsistere, substiti. to stand still, halt, stop.

substituo, substituere, substitui, substitutum. to put next to, substitute, present, imagine.

substo, substare, substiti, substatum. to hold out, stand firm.

vero, adv. indeed, really, in truth;
verum, cj. but, but in truth, but still.

C.  OTHER USEFUL WORDS/ PHRASES:

ab latere           on the flank

absit a me         far be it from me

actum est de      it is all up with

adeo                  so, thus, in fact

ad extremum     at last, finally

adice                 add to this

ad hoc               for this purpose, besides,  moreover

ad irritum cadere  come to nothing

admodum          very, quite, fully

ad speciem        for the sake of appearances

ad tempora        on a temporary basis, for the moment, at the right time

ad ultimum        finally, in the end, ultimately, for the last time

ad unum            to a man, unanimously

adusque            right up to, eventually, entirely
ad voluntatem   with the consent (of)

aegre patior      to be displeased with

aes alienum       debt

ager                   land, field, countryside, territory

alias                  at another time, some other time, at other times 

alibi                  otherwise, elsewhere

alicubi              somewhere, in some place

alii alio             some in one place, some in another

alioqui              otherwise, besides

aliquamdiu       for sometime

aliquando         sometimes, now at last, at long last, for once
aliquanto          somewhat, rather

aliquotiens       several times

alius alii           from one to another

alterum tantum twice as much

ambitiose         ostentatiously, insolently

ante                  before that, until then, in the past
apud                beside, by, among, near, in the presence of, in the opinion of

autem               but, on the other hand, and yet, now, moreover

avare                greedily, avariciously, covetously, eagerly

bene quidem    very well
causa indicta   without a hearing

cavillans          jeeringly

certatim           eagerly, zealously, firmly, vied, emulously

ceterum            besides, otherwise, but for all that

cito                   quickly, soon
citra                 short of

comminus         hand to hand, at close quarters

confestim          immediately, shortly, suddenly, without delay, speedily, forthwith
consensu          unanimously

constanter        constantly, resolutely, steadily, firmly, consistently

consulto            deliberately
continuo           immediately, without delay, forthwith, directly
contumaciter    stubbornly, obstinately, with defiance

cottidie             daily, on a daily basis, every day

crastino die      tomorrow

cum maxime     just as

cum primis        especially
cum primum     as soon as
cum ... tum        both ... and; not only ... but also
cursu                at a run, at the double

dedita opera     intentionally, deliberately, on purpose

dehinc               henceforth, then, next, from now on
deinceps            successively, in order, in succession, one after another
deinde               then, next, from there, thereafter
de improviso     unexpectedly

de industria      purposely, on purpose

de integro          afresh

de more             according to custom
demum              at last, just, precisely
denique             lastly, finally, in the end
denuo                again, once more, afresh

desuper             from above

diem dicere       to impeach          

diu                     for a long time, a long time ago

diutius               any longer

divinitus            from heaven, by a god, by divine inspiration/influence

domi militiaeque  at home and abroad

dummodo          provided that, so long as
dumtaxat           at least, only, merely

eadem               in the same way, at the same time

ea gratia           on this account

eiusmodi           such
eminus              at/from a distance

enimvero          certainly, for indeed
enixe                earnestly, strenuously, zealously

eo                     for that reason, on that account

eodem cursu    in the same direction

eo magis          all the more

eo plus             the more

eo quod           for the reason that 

eo ... unde        to the place ... from which

eo usque          so far, to such an extent

equidem           verily, truly, indeed, of course, at all events, for my part, to be sure

est apud se      they have

et                     and, both, also, even, too

etenim              but in fact, furthermore, and indeed
etiam               also, even, actually, besides

etiamnum         till now
etiamsi             even if, although
etiamtum          till then
etsi                   even if, and yet, though

e vestigio         instantly

exadversum     right opposite

ex alto              on the horizon

ex composito    as agreed, as planned

exim                 then, next

ex improviso    unexpectedly, all of a sudden

ex industria     on purpose, deliberately, diligently

ex insperato     unexpectedly

ex ordine          in order, in turn, one after the other

ex parte            partly, to some extent

ex quo              since

extemplo          immediately, instantly, straightway, forthwith, without delay

ex transverso   sideways, from the side

extrinsecus      on the outside, from the outside

facile patior     to be well pleased with

fere                  usually, generally, almost, nearly, about, quite, just

ferme               almost

foras                out, outside, out of doors

forte                 by chance, happened

fortuito            by chance, fortuitously, haply

frustra             in vain, for nothing

funditus           completely, utterly, from the bottom

gratia + gen.   for the sake of, in order to

hactenus          thus far, so far, till now
haud aliter quam   just like, just as

haud gravatim not unwillingly

haud secus quam just as (lit. not otherwise than) 

haud scio an    I feel sure

hauddum         not yet

hesterno die    yesterday, on the previous day

hic                   the latter

hinc et inde     here and there, on both sides

iamdiu             long since
iamdudum       long ago, for a long time 
iamiam            right now, any moment now
iam nunc          just now
iampridem       long ago, for a long time
iam tum           even at that time
idem                likewise, also

identidem        repeatedly, again and again, often, continually, constantly, regularly 

ideo                 therefore, for this reason, that is why

ilico                 on the spot, instantly, at once

illa                   that way, in that direction

ille                   the former

immo               no, on the contrary, or rather

immensum       exceedingly

improviso        unexpectedly

in cassum        in vain

in commune    for the common good, for a common end

indidem           from the same place

in dies              daily, everyday, on a daily basis, day by day

in incerto         in doubt

in loco             on the spot

in maius           too greatly, too highly, greater than it is, in an exaggerated fashion

in manibus       well-known, at hand, available

in medium        for the common good
in praesens      for the present 

in pretio           valuable 
in primis          especially

insuper            above, on top, besides, over and above, still further

in tantum         to such an extent

interdiu            by day, during the day, in the daytime

interdum          sometimes, now and then, occasionally

interea              meanwhile, in the meantime, nevertheless
interim             meanwhile, in the meantime, sometimes, someday, all the same 

inter quae        meanwhile

inter se             mutually, one another
in vicem           each other, in turn, alternately, mutually

item                  likewise, also, besides, further, moreover, too, as well

itidem               in the same way, similarly, likewise

iure                   justly, rightly

iuxta                 alike, just the same, close by

licet                  although, even if
magis               more

magnis itineribus  by forced marches

magnopere      greatly, very much, exceedingly, particularly

mature             promptly, at the right time

maxime            most, especially, particularly, above all, very much

minime vero     certainly not
modo                only, at all, in any way, just now, a moment ago, if only
modo demum   only now
multo praestat it is much better

necdum            and ... not yet

nec mora          without delay, at once
neglegenter     carelessly, with neglect

ne quidem        not even

nimirum           doubtless, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, surely

nimius              excessive

non cassum      in vain

non saltem       not even

nondum            not yet
non iam            no longer
nonnumquam   sometimes

non secus         even so

nulla parte       not at all

nunc quoque    even now
obviam ierat    had gone to meet

olim                  once, at times, sometime, one day
omnino             at all, altogether, entirely, utterly, undoubtedly, to be sure
omni parte       entirely

ordine              properly, in an orderly manner, in good order

otiose               leisurely, idly, quietly

paene               nearly, almost

palam               openly, publicly

pariter              alike, equally, at the same time, together

parum               not very, too little, not enough, scarcely
passim              here and there, at random, indiscriminately, in every direction, far and wide

paulo                a little, somewhat

paulo ante        recently, a short time before

paulum             somewhat, slightly, a little

paulum modo   just a little

penes + acc.     in the power of, in the possession of, in the house of, in the hands of, with

penitus              deep within, from the depths, utterly, thoroughly
per ambages    in a roundabout way. in an equivocal manner

perinde             just as, in the same manner, equally
per omnia        by all means, in all respects

peropportune   very opportunely, in the nick of time

perperam         wrongly, falsely

per se               in itself

pessum dare     to put an end to, to ruin, to destroy

plerumque        generally, usually, mostly

pone                 behind

porro                next, in turn, moreover, long ago, in future, onward, forwards, a long way off

posthac             hereafter, in future, afterwards

postmodo          presently, shortly, soon after, a little later

postremo          finally, eventually, besides, at any rate

potissimum       especially, in particular

potius               rather, more, instead

praesens           in person 

praesertim        especially
praesto             at hand, ready, in readiness, there by your side

praeter             except, besides, beyond, in addition to, more than, contrary to

praeterea          besides, moreover, henceforth

praeterquam     except, other than, save, beyond, besides

prima luce        at dawn, at daybreak, at first light

primo                at first
primitus            originally, in the first place, first of all

primum             firstly, in the first place, first of all, to begin with
probe                well, properly, thoroughly

procul               from afar, far away, at a distance, in the distance

profecto            really, certainly, surely, truly, actually, indeed
proin(de)          consequently, therefore, just as
propalam         openly, publicly

pro parte          to the best of one's ability

propediem        shortly, before long, very soon, prematurely

propterea          therefore
prorsus             forwards, absolutely, quite, in short

pro contione     publicly, in public

pro se               on his own behalf

pro tempore      to suit the occasion, as the circumstances permitted

protinus            forthwith, right away, at once, immediately, continuously
publice              for the state, by the state, at the public expense, all together

qua ... qua         partly ... partly

quamdiu            as long as

quamobrem       why, wherefore, for what reason
quam primum   as soon as possible

quamquam        although, and yet

quandoque        whenever, someday, eventually, seeing that 

quandoquidem  seeing that, since, for

quapropter         and therefore

quatenus            since, in so far as, as far as

quemadmodum  just as
quidem               in fact, indeed, at any rate, it is true
quid sibi vult?    what does he mean? what is he driving at? what is the point?

quippe                certainly, of course, for in fact
quispiam            some one

quisquam           anyone

quisque              each, every, everyone

quisquis             whoever, whatever

quocirca            therefore, for this reason

quodsi                but if, whereas if
quomodo           how

quondam           once, formerly, long ago, sometimes, at that time
quotidie             daily

quotie(n)s          how often

quotus quisque? how few?

reapse                in fact, actually, in reality, really, in truth

recte                  rightly, properly, correctly

rem deferre       to adjourn

res repeto          I demand satisfaction, I seek restitution

retro                  back, backwards, behind

robigo                rust, blight, mould, mildew

saepe                 often, frequently

saepenumero     very often, on many occasions

saltem                at least, at all events
sane                   indeed, doubtless, to be sure, of course, certainly, surely, if you please

satin                  quite, really

satis                   enough, sufficiently, tolerably, quite

satis facio          I satisfy, I make amends, I pay

satisne               quite, really

secus                 otherwise, differently, badly

sed enim            but in fact, but actually
seditose            seditiously, in a rebellious manner

sedulo               deliberately, on purpose

segniter            slowly, lazily, slothfully

se habere          to find oneself, to  be

sensim               gradually, slowly, tentatively, little by little

separatim         apart, separately, on an individual basis

sero                   late, too late

sic quoque         even so
sicuti                 just as if

signa conferre   to join battle

signo dato         at a given signal

sine fraude        without harm
si quando          whenever, if ever

siquidem            if only
specialiter         particularly, specially, specifically

sua sponte         of its own accord, spontaneously, by oneself, unaided

subinde              repeatedly, immediately after, forthwith, thereupon

superne              from above, at the top

susque deque     up and down, neither here nor there, of no consequence

tacite                  silently, secretly

talis                    such, the following

talis ... qualis     such as 

tam                     so, so much, so very

tamen                 however, nevertheless, yet, but, all the same

tamdiu                so long, as long

tametsi               although

tamquam            just as, just like

tam ... quam       as ... as

tandem               at last, at length, finally

tanti esse           to be worth so much, to be so important, to be worth having

tantisper            meanwhile, in the meantime, for so long as

tanto opere        so much

tantum               so, so much, only, merely

tantummodo      only
tantum ... quantum  as much as

tantus                so big

tantus ... quantus  as big as

temere               rashly, at random, without design, casually, thoughtlessly

terga vertere     to turn to flight (lit. to turn their backs)

tot                     so many

totie(n)s             as often, so often

toties ... quoties as often as 

tot ... quot          as many as

tria tanta           three times as much

tum cum             at the time when
tum demum        only then
tunc                   then, at that time, next

turbide              in disorder, in a disorderly manner

turpiter             shamefully, in a shameful manner

ubi primum        as soon as
ultra                   beyond, farther, deeper

ultro                   of one's own accord, unasked, voluntarily, unsolicited

ultro et citro       to and fro, hither and thither, this way and that, in one way or another

una secum          together with him

uno tenore          without a break, uniformly

unusquisque       every single one of us 

uspiam               anywhere, somewhere, in some place

usque                 continuously

usque ad            right up to, all the way to as far as, leading to

usquequaque      everywhere, on every occasion

utcumque           one way or another

ut fit                   as usually happens

utique                 especially, at any rate, by all means, surely, still, completely, certainly

ut primum          as soon as
utrimque            on both sides, on either side

venit usu            it happens

veri similis         probable, likely

vero                    indeed
versus                 turned towards, in the direction of, facing

verum                 but
verumtamen       but nevertheless
vicissim              in turn, again

videlicet             clearly, evidently, obviously, namely 

viritim                invidually, on an individual basis, separately, to each man, man by man

vixdum               hardly, as yet

vulgo                  publicly, commonly, everywhere