Monday, 13 July 2020

LATIN VOCABULARY: NOTES

A.  DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERBS OF PLACE AND TIME:

                              PLACE:                                                                      TIME

WHERE:       ubi        where(?), in which place(?)                                   when, whenever
                      ibi         there, in that place                                                  then
                      illic       there, in that place
                      hic        here, in this place                                                   at this point

WHITHER:  quo       whither(?), to which place(?)
                      eo         thither, to that place                                               so long 
                      illuc      thither, to that place
                      huc       hither, to this place                                                so far

WHENCE:   unde      whence(?), from which place(?)                         
                     inde       from there, thenceforth, from that place              after that, ever since
                     illinc      thence, from that place
                     hinc       hence, from this place                                          after this


B.  CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR WORDS:

aer, aeris, m. air, atmosphere, weather;
aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze, brass, money.
aes alienum, debt

aestas, aestatis, f. summer;
aestus, aestus, m. heat, passion, surge of the sea;
aetas, aetatis, f. age, life, time, lifetime.

atqui, conj. yes but, and yet, nevertheless
atque, conj. and, and in fact, and then, and so.

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum. to fall, die, am killed, fail, subside, happen (events);
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum. to cut, slaughter, sacrifice, kill, strike;
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum. to walk, depart, withdraw, retreat, die, yield, concede.

compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatum. to call, address, reproach, arraign;
compello, compellere, compuli, compulsum. to drive, bring together, impel, compel; concentrate;

consisto, consistere, constiti. to stand, stand firm, take up a position, endure;
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum. to put, place, set down, station, halt, determine;
consto, constare, constiti, constatum. to stand together, agree, remain constant.

contineo, continere, continui, continentum. to contain, keep together, confine, control, check.
continuo, continuare, continuavi, continuatum. to join together, continue without a break. 

fulgur, fulguris, n. lightning;
fulmen, fulminis, n. thunderbolt.

iaceo, iacere, iacui. to lie, lie ill, lie dead; (places) to be situated;
iacio,iacere, ieci, iactum. to throw, lay, build; (seed) to sow.
iacto, iactare, iactavi, iactatum. to throw, scatter, shake, toss about; (speech) to boast.

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum. to walk, parade, march, advance, (feelings) come upon
incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum. to burn, set fire to, set alight, inflame, rouse, incense, brighten.
incido, incidere, incidi, incasum. to fall upon, meet, come across, befall, occur, happen.
incido, incidere, incidi, incisum. to cut open, cut up, engrave, inscribe, interrupt, cut short.

insisto, insistere, institi. to stand on, stand firm, halt, press on, pursue, begin, persist, continue
instituo, instituere, institui, institutum. to set up. implant, establish, build, appoint, arrange, teach 
insto, instare, institi. to stand on, pursue, approach, work hard at, insist, urge

lenis (long 'e'), soft, smooth, mild, gentle, calm
levis (short 'e'), adj. light, gentle, easy, trivial, fickle, nimble;
levis (long 'e'), adj. smooth, beardless, youthful, delicate.

nequaquam, adv. by no means, not at all;
nequiquam, adj. in vain, to no purpose, without good reason, fruitlessly, for nothing

onus, oneris, n. load, burden, weight, trouble, difficulty.
ops, opis, f. power, aid, help, assistance; plural (opes): wealth, riches, property, resources.
opus, operis, n. labour, work, toil, fortification, book of writing, need.

ora, orae, f. edge, border, boundary, sea-coast, country, region, ship's hawser;
os, oris, n. mouth, jaws, beak, tongue, lips, speech, face.
os, ossis, n. bone, marrow, heart, very soul.

parumper, adv. for a little while, for a time;
paulatim, adv. gradually, little by little;
paulisper, adv. for a little while.

pecu (pl. pecua), n. cattle, flock of sheep, plural: pastures, money;
pecus, pecoris, n. cattle, swine, sheep, flock, herd;
pecus, pecudis, f. a sheep, a head of cattle, a domestic animal.

praeterea, adv. besides, in addition, moreover, henceforth, further.
propterea, adv. therefore, on that account.

primitus, adv. originally.
primo, adv. at first, firstly.
primum, adv. first, in the first place, first of all, for the first time, to begin with.

resisto, resistere, restiti. to stop, halt, stand still, resist.
restito, restitare, restitavi, restitatum. to stay behind, hesitate.
restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum. to replace, rebuild, restore, give back, return, reverse
resto, restare, restiti. to resist, stand firm, remain, be left. 

socer, soceri, m. father-in-law;
socrus, socrus, f. mother-in-law. 

somnium, somn(i)i, n. dream, fancy, imagination, nonsense;
somnus, somni, m. sleep, sleep (of death), slumber, drowsiness.

subsisto, subsistere, substiti. to stand still, halt, stop.
substituo, substituere, substitui, substitutum. to put next to, substitute, present, imagine.
substo, substare, substiti, substatum. to hold out, stand firm.

vero, adv. indeed, really, in truth;
verum, cj. but, but in truth, but still.

C.  OTHER USEFUL WORDS/ PHRASES:

ab latere           on the flank
absit a me         far be it from me
abunde              in profusion, more than enough, abundantly, amply, copiously
actum est de      it is all up with
adeo                  so, thus, in fact
ad extremum     at last, finally
adice                 add to this
ad hoc               for this purpose, besides,  moreover
ad irritum cadere  come to nothing
admodum          very, quite, fully
ad speciem        for the sake of appearances
ad tempora        on a temporary basis, for the moment, at the right time
ad ultimum        finally, in the end, ultimately, for the last time
ad unum            to a man, unanimously
adusque            right up to, eventually, entirely
ad verbum         word for word
ad voluntatem   with the consent (of)
aegre                 with difficulty, scarcely, hardly,  distressingly
aegre patior      to be displeased with
aes alienum       debt
ager                   land, field, countryside, territory
alias                  at another time, some other time, at other times 
alibi                  otherwise, elsewhere
alicubi              somewhere, in some place
alii alio             some in one place, some in another
alioqui              otherwise, besides
aliquamdiu       for sometime
aliquando         sometimes, now at last, at long last, for once
aliquanto          somewhat, rather
aliquotiens       several times
alius alii           from one to another
alterum tantum twice as much
ambitiose         ostentatiously, insolently
ante                  before that, until then, in the past
antiquitus        long ago, in ancient times
apud                beside, by, among, near, in the presence of, in the opinion of
autem               but, on the other hand, and yet, now, moreover
avare                greedily, avariciously, covetously, eagerly
bene quidem    very well
causa indicta   without a hearing
cavillans          jeeringly
certatim           eagerly, zealously, firmly, vied, emulously
ceterum           besides, otherwise, but for all that
cis                    on this side
cito                   quickly, soon
citra                 short of
comminus         hand to hand, at close quarters
confestim          immediately, shortly, suddenly, without delay, speedily, forthwith
consensu          unanimously
constanter        constantly, resolutely, steadily, firmly, consistently
consulto            deliberately, by design, on purpose
continuo           immediately, without delay, forthwith, directly
contumaciter    stubbornly, obstinately, with defiance
cordi sum         I please, I am agreeable to
cotidie             daily, on a daily basis, every day
crastino die      tomorrow
cum maxime     just as
cum primis        especially
cum primum     as soon as
cum ... tum        both ... and; not only ... but also
cursu                at a run, at the double
dedita opera     intentionally, deliberately, on purpose
dehinc               henceforth, then, next, from now on
deinceps            successively, in order, in succession, one after another
deinde               then, next, from there, thereafter
de improviso     unexpectedly
de industria      purposely, on purpose
de integro          afresh
de more             according to custom
demum              at last, just, precisely
denique             lastly, finally, in the end
denuo                again, once more, afresh
desuper             from above
diem dicere       to impeach          
diu                     for a long time, a long time ago
diutius               any longer
divinitus            from heaven, by a god, by divine inspiration/influence
domi militiaeque  at home and abroad
dummodo          provided that, so long as
dumtaxat           at least, only, merely
eadem               in the same way, at the same time
ea gratia           on this account
eiusmodi           such
eminus              at/from a distance
enimvero          certainly, for indeed
enixe                earnestly, strenuously, zealously
eo                     for that reason, on that account
eodem cursu    in the same direction
eo magis          all the more
eo plus             the more
eo quod           for the reason that 
eo ... unde        to the place ... from which
eo usque          so far, to such an extent
equidem           verily, truly, indeed, of course, at all events, for my part, to be sure
est apud se      they have
et                     and, both, also, even, too
etenim              but in fact, furthermore, and indeed
etiam               also, even, actually, besides
etiamnum         till now
etiamsi             even if, although
etiamtum          till then
etsi                   even if, and yet, though
e vestigio         instantly
exadversum     right opposite
ex alto              on the horizon
ex composito    as agreed, as planned
exim                 then, next
ex improviso    unexpectedly, all of a sudden
ex industria     on purpose, deliberately, diligently
ex insperato     unexpectedly
ex ordine          in order, in turn, one after the other
ex parte            partly, to some extent
ex quo              since
extemplo          immediately, at once, instantly, straightway, forthwith, without delay
ex transverso   sideways, from the side
extrinsecus      on the outside, from the outside
facile patior     to be well pleased with
fere                  usually, generally, almost, nearly, about, quite, just
ferme               almost
foras                out, outside, out of doors
forte                 by chance, happened
fortuito            by chance, fortuitously, haply
frustra             in vain, for nothing
funditus           completely, utterly, from the bottom
gratia + gen.   for the sake of, in order to
gratius             more pleasing, more agreeable
hactenus          thus far, so far, till now
haud aliter quam   just like, just as
haud gravatim not unwillingly
haud secus quam just as (lit. not otherwise than) 
haud scio an    I feel sure
hauddum         not yet
hesterno die    yesterday, on the previous day
hic                   the latter
hinc et inde     here and there, on both sides
iamdiu             long since
iamdudum       long ago, for a long time 
iamiam            right now, any moment now
iam nunc          just now
iampridem       long ago, for a long time
iam tum           even at that time
idem                likewise, also
identidem        repeatedly, again and again, often, continually, constantly, regularly 
ideo                 therefore, for this reason, that is why
ilico                 on the spot, in that very place, instantly, at once
illa                   that way, in that direction
ille                   the former
immo               no, on the contrary, or rather
immensum       exceedingly
improviso        unexpectedly
in cassum        in vain
in commune    for the common good, for a common end
indidem           from the same place
in dies              daily, everyday, on a daily basis, day by day
in incerto         in doubt
in loco             on the spot
in maius           too greatly, too highly, greater than it is, in an exaggerated fashion
in manibus       well-known, at hand, available
in medium        for the common good
in praesens      for the present 
in pretio           valuable 
in primis          especially
inferne             below
insuper            above, on top, besides, over and above, still further
in tantum         to such an extent
interdiu            by day, during the day, in the daytime
interdum          sometimes, now and then, occasionally
interea              meanwhile, in the meantime, nevertheless
interim             meanwhile, in the meantime, sometimes, someday, all the same 
inter haec        meanwhile
inter quae        meanwhile
inter se             mutually, one another
in vicem           each other, in turn, alternately, mutually
item                  likewise, also, besides, further, moreover, too, as well
itidem               in the same way, similarly, likewise
iure                   justly, rightly
iuxta                 alike, just the same, close by
licet                  although, even if
magis               more
magnis itineribus  by forced marches
magnopere      greatly, very much, exceedingly, particularly
mature             promptly, at the right time
maxime            most, especially, particularly, above all, very much
minime vero     certainly not
missum facio   I forgo
modo               only, at all, in any way, just now, a moment ago, if only
modo demum   only now
moleste            in an annoying manner
multo praestat it is much better
necdum            and ... not yet
nec mora         without delay, at once
necopinato      unexpectedly
neglegenter     carelessly, with neglect
ne quidem        not even
nihilo minus    none the less
nimirum           doubtless, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, surely
nimius              excessive
non cassum      in vain
non saltem       not even
nondum            not yet
non iam            no longer
nonnumquam   sometimes
non secus         even so
nulla parte       not at all
nunc quoque    even now
oboedienter     readily, duly
obviam ierat    had gone to meet
olim                 once, at times, sometime, one day
omnino            at all, altogether, entirely, utterly, undoubtedly, to be sure
omni parte       entirely
operae pretium worth while
ordine              properly, in an orderly manner, in good order
otiose               leisurely, idly, quietly
paene               nearly, almost
palam               openly, publicly
pariter              alike, equally, at the same time, together
parum               not very, too little, not enough, scarcely
passim              here and there, at random, indiscriminately, in every direction, far and wide
paulo                a little, somewhat
paulo ante        recently, a short time before
paulum             somewhat, slightly, a little
paulum modo   just a little
penes + acc.     in the power of, in the possession of, in the house of, in the hands of, with
penitus              deep within, from the depths, utterly, thoroughly
per ambages    in a roundabout way. in an equivocal manner
perinde             just as, in the same manner, equally
per omnia        by all means, in all respects
peropportune   very opportunely, in the nick of time
perperam         wrongly, falsely
per se               in itself
pessum dare     to put an end to, to ruin, to destroy
plerumque        generally, usually, mostly
pone                 behind
porro                next, in turn, moreover, long ago, in future, onward, forwards, a long way off
posthac             hereafter, in future, afterwards
postmodo          presently, shortly, soon after, a little later
postremo          finally, eventually, besides, at any rate
potissimum       especially, in particular
potius               rather, more, instead
praesens           in person 
praesertim        especially
praesto             at hand, ready, in readiness, there by your side
praeter             except, besides, beyond, in addition to, more than, contrary to
praeterea          besides, moreover, henceforth
praeterquam     except, other than, save, beyond, besides
pridem              long ago, long since, a long time ago
prima luce        at dawn, at daybreak, at first light
primis               in the first place
primo                at first
primitus            originally, in the first place, first of all
primum             firstly, in the first place, first of all, to begin with
probe                well, properly, thoroughly
procul               from afar, far away, at a distance, in the distance
profecto            really, certainly, surely, truly, actually, indeed
proin(de)          consequently, therefore, just as
propalam         openly, publicly, manifestly
pro parte          to the best of one's ability
propediem        shortly, before long, very soon, prematurely
propterea          therefore
prorsus             forwards, absolutely, quite, in short
pro contione     publicly, in public
pro se               on his own behalf
pro tempore      to suit the occasion, as the circumstances permitted
protinus            forthwith, right away, at once, immediately, continuously
publice              for the state, by the state, at the public expense, all together
qua ... qua         partly ... partly
quamdiu            as long as
quamobrem       why, wherefore, for what reason
quam primum   as soon as possible
quamquam        although, and yet
quandoque        whenever, someday, eventually, seeing that 
quandoquidem  seeing that, since, for
quapropter         and therefore
quatenus            since, in so far as, as far as
quemadmodum  just as
quidem               in fact, indeed, at any rate, it is true
quid sibi vult?    what does he mean? what is he driving at? what is the point?
quippe                certainly, of course, for in fact
quispiam            some one
quisquam           anyone
quisque              each, every, everyone
quisquis             whoever, whatever
quocirca            therefore, for this reason
quodsi                but if, whereas if
quomodo           how
quondam           once, formerly, long ago, sometimes, at that time
quotidie             daily
quotie(n)s          how often
quotus quisque? how few?
reapse                in fact, actually, in reality, really, in truth
recte                  rightly, properly, correctly
rem deferre       to adjourn
res repeto          I demand satisfaction, I seek restitution
retro                  back, backwards, behind
robigo                rust, blight, mould, mildew
saepe                 often, frequently
saepenumero     very often, on many occasions
saltem                at least, at all events
sane                   indeed, doubtless, to be sure, of course, certainly, surely, if you please
satin                  quite, really
satis                   enough, sufficiently, tolerably, quite
satis facio          I satisfy, I make amends, I pay
satisne               quite, really
satius                 better, preferable
secus                 otherwise, differently, badly
sed enim            but in fact, but actually
seditose            seditiously, in a rebellious manner
sedulo               deliberately, on purpose
segniter            slowly, lazily, slothfully
se habere          to find oneself, to  be
sensim               gradually, slowly, tentatively, little by little
separatim         apart, separately, on an individual basis
sero                   late, too late
sic quoque         even so
sicuti                 just as if
signa conferre   to join battle
signo dato         at a given signal
sine fraude        without harm
si quando          whenever, if ever
siquidem            if only
specialiter         particularly, specially, specifically
sua sponte         of its own accord, spontaneously, by oneself, unaided
summatim         summarily, cursorily, briefly, in short 
subinde              repeatedly, immediately after, forthwith, thereupon
superne              from above, at the top
susque deque     up and down, neither here nor there, of no consequence
tacite                  silently, secretly
talis                    such, the following
talis ... qualis     such as 
tam                     so, so much, so very
tamen                 however, nevertheless, yet, but, all the same
tamdiu                so long, as long
tametsi               although
tamquam            just as, just like
tam ... quam       as ... as
tandem               at last, at length, finally
tanti esse           to be worth so much, to be so important, to be worth having
tantisper            meanwhile, in the meantime, for so long as
tanto opere        so much
tantum               so, so much, only, merely
tantummodo      only
tantum non        all but, almost
tantum ... quantum  as much as
tantus                so big
tantus ... quantus  as big as
temere               rashly, at random, without design, casually, thoughtlessly
terga vertere     to turn to flight (lit. to turn their backs)
tot                     so many
totie(n)s             as often, so often
toties ... quoties as often as 
tot ... quot          as many as
tria tanta           three times as much
trifarium           on three sides, in three places
tum cum            at the time when
tum demum       only then
tunc                   then, at that time, next
turbide              in disorder, in a disorderly manner
turpiter             shamefully, in a shameful manner
ubi primum        as soon as
ultra                   beyond, farther, deeper
ultro                   of one's own accord, unasked, voluntarily, unsolicited
ultro citroque     to and fro, hither and thither, this way and that, in one way or another
una secum          together with him
uno tenore          without a break, uniformly
unusquisque       every single one of us 
uspiam               anywhere, somewhere, in some place
usque                 continuously
usque ad            right up to, all the way to as far as, leading to
usque adeo        so much, to such an extent
usquequaque      everywhere, on every occasion
utcumque           one way or another
ut fit                   as usually happens
utique                 especially, at any rate, by all means, surely, still, completely, certainly
ut primum          as soon as
utraque              and on the other side
utrimque            on both sides, on either side
venit usu            it happens
veri similis         probable, likely
vero                    indeed
versus                 turned towards, in the direction of, facing
verum                 but
verumtamen       but yet, nevertheless, however
vicatim               from street to street, in villages
vicissim              in turn, again
videlicet             clearly, evidently, obviously, namely 
viritim                invidually, on an individual basis, separately, to each man, man by man
vixdum               hardly, as yet
vulgo                  publicly, commonly, everywhere





          

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